Figure 5. Proposed model for the effect of necrosis/necrotic cells in regulating glioblastoma invasion.

Exposure to necrotic cells induces activation of NF-κB and AP-1 via phosphorylation of p38, JNK and IκBα and their binding to the IL-8 promoter, leading to increased IL-8 production and secretion, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells.