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. 2016 Apr 14;6:24387. doi: 10.1038/srep24387

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(1) Attachment of nanocomposites to cell surface; (2) Uptake of nanocomposites; (3a and 3b) Release of metal ions or their corresponding chemicals; (4a and 4b) Targeting transportation of metal ions or their corresponding chemicals to cellular membrane system; (5) Destruction of cell membrane system.