Figure 6. Ces1^−/− mice have increased hepatic acetaldehyde level, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction upon alcohol feeding.

Ces1^+/+ and Ces1^−/− mice were subjected to alcohol feeding as described in the legend of Fig. 5. Hepatic acetaldehyde levels were analyzed using HPLC (A). Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels were analyzed using Amplex Red reagent/horseradish peroxidase, and fluorescent activities were determined (B). Hepatic level of MDA (C) and plasma levels of β-HB (D) and FFA (E) were determined. Hepatic mRNA levels of mitochondrial genes were quantified (F). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Unpaired Student t-test was used for statistical analysis.