Table 1.
Prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and demographic and medical correlates among children in Shanghai, 2009
| Count | Pneumococcal carriage (%) | P-valuea | Hib carriage (%) | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 614 | 102 (16.6 %) | 49 (8.0 %) | ||
| Season of enrollment | 0.0780 | 1.0000 | |||
| Autumn | 306 | 38 (12.4 %) | 23 (7.5 %) | ||
| Spring | 308 | 64 (20.8 %) | 26 (8.4 %) | ||
| Sex | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | |||
| Male | 338 | 60 (17.8 %) | 30 (8.9 %) | ||
| Female | 276 | 42 (15.2 %) | 19 (6.9 %) | ||
| Age of child | 0.1530 | 1.0000 | |||
| 12 months | 170 | 35 (20.6 %) | 14 (8.2 %) | ||
| 13–14 months | 184 | 35 (19.0 %) | 16 (8.7 %) | ||
| 15–16 months | 158 | 20 (12.7 %) | 12 (7.6 %) | ||
| 17–18 months | 102 | 12 (11.8 %) | 7 (6.9 %) | ||
| Age of mother at childbirth | 0.3984 | 1.0000 | |||
| 18–24 years | 179 | 35 (19.6 %) | 18 (10.1 %) | ||
| 25–29 years | 257 | 44 (17.1 %) | 18 (7.0 %) | ||
| 30–34 years | 123 | 18 (14.6 %) | 9 (7.3 %) | ||
| 35–44 years | 55 | 5 (9.1 %) | 4 (7.3 %) | ||
| Household residency | 0.0009 | 0.0008 | |||
| Local | 160 | 11 (6.9 %) | 2 (1.3 %) | ||
| Non-local | 454 | 91 (20.0 %) | 47 (10.4 %) | ||
| Urbanicity | 0.1530 | 0.0077 | |||
| Urban | 422 | 62 (14.7 %) | 25 (5.9 %) | ||
| Suburban | 126 | 22 (17.5 %) | 12 (9.5 %) | ||
| Rural | 66 | 18 (27.3 %) | 12 (18.2 %) | ||
| Household income | 0.1166 | 0.0490 | |||
| <2000 yuan ($292) | 232 | 47 (20.3 %) | 26 (11.2 %) | ||
| 2000–4999 yuan ($292–$730) | 286 | 47 (16.4 %) | 21 (7.3 %) | ||
| ≥5000 yuan ($731) | 96 | 8 (8.3 %) | 2 (2.1 %) | ||
| Size of house | 0.2163 | 0.0008 | |||
| <18 m2 | 145 | 32 (22.1 %) | 17 (11.7 %) | ||
| 18–29 m2 | 120 | 20 (16.7 %) | 19 (15.8 %) | ||
| 30–69 m2 | 156 | 25 (16.0 %) | 8 (5.1 %) | ||
| ≥70 m2 | 193 | 25 (13.0 %) | 5 (2.6 %) | ||
| Siblings | 0.1530 | 0.0999 | |||
| No | 407 | 57 (14.0 %) | 24 (5.9 %) | ||
| Yes | 207 | 45 (21.7 %) | 25 (12.1 %) | ||
| Mother’s education | 0.0650 | 0.0008 | |||
| Primary school or less | 73 | 18 (24.7 %) | 9 (12.3 %) | ||
| Junior high | 286 | 54 (18.9 %) | 32 (11.2 %) | ||
| High school/vocational | 134 | 16 (11.9 %) | 8 (6.0 %) | ||
| College or more | 121 | 14 (11.6 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | ||
| Father’s education | 0.0406 | 0.0003 | |||
| Primary school or less | 23 | 4 (17.4 %) | 4 (17.4 %) | ||
| Junior high | 299 | 65 (21.7 %) | 34 (11.4 %) | ||
| High school/vocational | 135 | 16 (11.9 %) | 10 (7.4 %) | ||
| College or more | 157 | 17 (10.8 %) | 1 (0.6 %) | ||
| Smoking in home | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | |||
| No | 288 | 47 (16.3 %) | 27 (9.4 %) | ||
| Yes | 326 | 55 (16.9 %) | 22 (6.7 %) | ||
| Feeding pattern (first 6 months) | 0.8612 | 0.3392 | |||
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 317 | 58 (18.3 %) | 35 (11.0 %) | ||
| Breastfeeding and formula | 207 | 32 (15.5 %) | 7 (3.4 %) | ||
| Only formula | 90 | 12 (13.3 %) | 7 (7.8 %) | ||
| Any history of disease | 0.6870 | 0.8154 | |||
| No | 123 | 26 (21.1 %) | 14 (11.4 %) | ||
| Yes | 491 | 76 (15.5 %) | 35 (7.1 %) | ||
| Hib vaccine history | 1.0000 | 0.3392 | |||
| None | 71 | 14 (19.7 %) | 9 (12.7 %) | ||
| 1 dose | 146 | 22 (15.1 %) | 14 (9.6 %) | ||
| 2 doses | 148 | 24 (16.2 %) | 12 (8.1 %) | ||
| 3 doses | 182 | 31 (17.0 %) | 10 (5.5 %) | ||
| 4 doses | 67 | 11 (16.4 %) | 4 (6.0 %) |
aFrom chi-square test, except for age of child, age of mother at childbirth, urbanicity, household income, size of house, mother’s education, father’s education, feeding pattern, and Hib vaccine history, which were from Cochran-Armitage Trend Test. Exact tests were used if cell counts were ≤5. P-values were corrected for multiple testing through the sequential Holm-Bonferroni Method