Table 4.
Associations between different factors and cycling injury severity indicators (separate model for each outcome and each possible explanatory factor), presented as unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI)
| Hospital admission (>12 h) | Injury to head or neck (includes facial injuries) | Multiple injuries (≥2) | ≥4 injuries | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age group | ||||
| 17–24 years | 1.56 (0.61, 3.99) | 0.27 (0.09, 0.79) | 0.57 (0.20, 1.56) | 0.57 (0.12, 2.67) |
| 25–44 years | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| 45–59 years | 1.96 (1.09, 3.51) | 0.67 (0.38, 1.18) | 0.85 (0.43, 1.68) | 2.15 (1.06, 4.35) |
| 60+ years | 2.26 (0.82, 6.17) | 0.93 (0.34, 2.52) | 2.13 (0.46, 9.92) | 2.20 (0.69, 6.95) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1.04 (0.56, 1.92) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.29) | 1.86 (0.95, 3.64) | 0.93 (0.44, 1.93) |
| Female | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Educational level | ||||
| University/tertiary | 0.93 (0.54, 1.61) | 1.53 (0.89, 2.64) | 1.95 (1.05, 3.64) | 2.29 (1.07, 4.88) |
| Other | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Work status | ||||
| Paid work, including self-employment | 0.99 (0.46, 2.17) | 1.89 (0.85, 4.21) | 1.25 (0.52, 2.99) | 8.57 (1.13, 64.5) |
| Other | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Divorced, widowed/separated | 2.75 (0.62, 12.2) | 1.81 (0.41, 7.99) | 1.08 (0.20, 5.71) | 1.71 (0.31, 9.24) |
| Married/defacto | 1.01 (0.58, 1.72) | 0.80 (0.47, 1.35) | 1.55 (0.83, 2.89) | 1.44 (0.73, 2.84) |
| Never married | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Pre-injury health and QOL | ||||
| EQ5D VAS | 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) |
| EQ5D summary score | 0.32 (0.02, 4.58) | 2.08 (0.14, 30.1) | 1.51 (0.07, 33.6) | 0.93 (0.03, 24.9) |
| EQ5D – any issues reported on subscales | 1.21 (0.66, 2.21) | 0.76 (0.42, 1.40) | 0.84 (0.42, 1.70) | 1.11 (0.53, 2.32) |
| Self-reported health status | ||||
| Excellent | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Very good | 0.69 (0.39, 1.22) | 1.12 (0.64, 1.94) | 1.01 (0.51, 1.99) | 1.24 (0.62, 2.51) |
| Good | 0.72 (0.31, 1.64) | 0.67 (0.29, 1.52) | 0.57 (0.23, 1.36) | 1.36 (0.51, 3.58) |
| Fair | 0.43 (0.04, 4.32) | 3.65 (0.36, 36.1) | - | 1.55 (0.15, 15.7) |
| Poor | - | - | - | - |
| Current smoker | ||||
| Yes | 0.41 (0.14, 1.14) | 0.92 (0.38, 2.18) | 1.03 (0.36, 2.93) | 0.84 (0.27, 2.60) |
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Alcohol intake – Audit c score | ||||
| Zero | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| 1–3 | 0.87 (0.30, 2.49) | 0.96 (0.33, 2.76) | 1.03 (0.30, 3.54) | 0.71 (0.20, 2.51) |
| 4–7 | 0.63 (0.22, 1.73) | 0.87 (0.31, 2.41) | 1.13 (0.34, 3.74) | 0.85 (0.25, 2.81) |
| 8–12 | 0.47 (0.11, 1.93) | 1.27 (0.33, 4.87) | 1.00 (0.20, 4.88) | 0.70 (0.13, 3.72) |
| Medical conditions on self-report | ||||
| Yes | 1.03 (0.61, 1.74) | 1.20 (0.71, 2.01) | 0.84 (0.45, 1.56) | 0.83 (0.42, 1.59) |
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Obesity on self-report | ||||
| Yes | 1.20 (0.26, 5.47) | 0.19 (0.02, 1.63) | 0.20 (0.04, 0.93) | 0.67 (0.07, 5.71) |
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Overweight (BMI > =25) | ||||
| Yes | 0.79 (0.46, 1.36) | 0.75 (0.43, 1.27) | 0.91 (0.48, 1.73) | 1.49 (0.77, 2.87) |
| No | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Crash-related characteristics | ||||
| Perceived danger of death | ||||
| Great or overwhelming | 2.07 (0.86, 4.98) | 1.28 (0.53, 3.05) | 2.34 (0.66, 8.25) | 2.54 (0.95, 6.78) |
| Moderate | 1.37 (0.63, 2.99) | 1.93 (0.88, 4.18) | 2.37 (0.78, 7.14) | 3.19 (1.37, 7.44) |
| Small or none | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Perceived danger of disability | ||||
| Great or overwhelming | 2.82 (1.05, 7.54) | 2.00 (0.75, 5.31) | 5.68 (0.73, 44.4) | 4.05 (1.44, 11.4) |
| Moderate | 1.13 (0.49, 2.57) | 1.76 (0.80, 3.89) | 2.13 (0.69, 6.58) | 1.34 (0.48, 3.70) |
| Small or none | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Accident circumstances a | ||||
| Cyclist alone | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Collision involving a motor vehicle | 0.81 (0.41, 1.59) | 0.58 (0.30, 1.13) | 1.56 (0.69, 3.49) | 1.32 (0.59, 2.97) |
| Collision with a cyclist, person or animal | 1.02 (0.27, 3.84) | 4.07 (0.82, 20.1) | 3.11 (0.37, 25.7) | 3.16 (0.81, 12.3) |
| Games or stunts, cycling events, and mountain biking | 0.88 (0.34, 2.27) | 0.58 (0.22, 1.50) | 0.92 (0.32, 2.59) | 0.75 (0.20, 2.78) |
Bolded figures indicate significant estimates
aAccident circumstances were assessed from participant comments prompted by open interviewer questions at wave 2. ‘Cyclist alone’ includes averted collisions, bike failure or malfunction, errors, falls, slips and slides, hitting potholes or obstructions or other inanimate objects, wet or greasy roads. ‘Collision involving a motor vehicle’ includes collisions with either a moving or stationary car, or a suddenly opened car door