Table 2.
Effects of extracellular vesicles in lung diseases
| Study | Model | Origin | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Admyre et al., 2008 [55] | Allergic inflammation | Mast cell-derived EVs | DC maturation, allergen transportation, allergen-specific Th2 cell activation |
| Bakouboula et al., 2008 [63] | PAH | EVs released from stimulated or endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis | Increase in EVs release is directly related to PAH severity |
| Prado et al., 2008 [61] | Allergic inflammation | BALF-derived EVs from mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin | Inhibition of IgE response, Th2 cytokine production, and airway inflammation |
| Ionescu et al., 2012 [70] | Endotoxin-induced ARDS | CM from MSC | Increase in secretion of exosomes by MSCs and M2 macrophages, in part via IGF-1 |
| Lee et al., 2012 [65] | Hypoxia-induced PAH | MSC-derived EVs | Reduced right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy |
| Torregrosa et al., 2012 [60] | Coculture of BECs with BALF EVs from asthmatic patients | EVs from BALF of asthmatic patients | Increased leukotriene and IL-8 release |
| Aliotta et al., 2013 [64] | Monocrotaline-induced PAH | Lung-derived and plasma-derived EVs from monocrotaline-induced PAH | Increased right ventricular mass and pulmonary vascular wall thickness |
| Zhu et al., 2014 [72] | Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced ARDS | EVs derived from hMSCs | Reduction in extravascular lung water, total protein levels in BALF, edema, neutrophil infiltration, associated with increased KGF expression |
| Cruz et al., 2015 [62] | Aspergillus hyphal extract-induced allergic inflammation | CM and EVs derived from hMSCs and mMSCs | More significant reduction of airway hyperresponsiveness, lung inflammation and CD4 T-cell Th2 and Th17 phenotype in both CM and EVs from hMSCs compared with mMSCs; inhibition of soluble mediators and EVs release reduced the beneficial effects of all treatments |
| Monsel et al., 2015 [78] | Escherichia coli pneumonia | MSC and MSC-derived EVs | Improved survival and reduced lung inflammation, protein permeability, and bacterial growth |
ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, BALF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BEC bronchial epithelial cell, CM conditioned medium, DC dendritic cell, EV extracellular vesicle, hMSC human mesenchymal stem cell, IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1, IL interleukin, KGF keratinocyte growth factor, MSC mesenchymal stem cell, mMSC mouse mesenchymal stem cell, PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension, Th T-helper