Table 4.
Associations between risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and socioeconomic characteristics
| Tobacco smoking | ORc (95% CId) |
Overweighta | OR (95% CI) |
Hypertensionb | OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol drinking | OR (95% CI) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||||||
| Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | |||||||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||||||||
| 25–34 | 111 (23.0) | 31 (24.0) | 1(Reference) | 119 (30.9) | 23 (10.2) | 1 (Reference) |
128 (25.3) | 14 (13.3) | 1 (Reference) |
81 (22.6) | 61 (24.1) | 1 (Reference) |
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| 35–44 | 118 (24.5) | 35 (27.1) | 1.1(0.6–1.8) | 100 (26.0) | 53 (23.5) | 2.8e(1.6–4.9) | 135 (26.7) | 18 (17.1) | 1.2(0.6–2.6) | 90 (25.1) | 63 (24.9) | 0.9(0.6–1.5) | ||||
| 45–54 | 143 (29.7) | 38 (29.5) | 1.0(0.6–1.6) | 89 (23.1) | 92 (40.7) | 5.3e(3.1–9.2) | 146 (28.9) | 35 (33.3) | 2.2f(1.1–4.3) | 108 (30.2) | 73 (28.9) | 0.9(0.6–1.4) | ||||
| 55–65 | 110 (22.8) | 25 (19.4) | 0.8(0.5–1.5) | 77 (20.0) | 58 (25.7) | 3.9e(2.2–6.8) | 97 (19.2) | 38 (36.2) | 3.6e(1.8–7.0) | 79 (22.1) | 56 (22.1) | 0.9(0.6–1.5) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Male | 213 (44.2) | 91 (70.5) | 1 (Reference) |
198 (51.4) | 106 (46.9) | 1(Reference) | 260 (51.4) | 44 (41.9) | 1(Reference) | 174 (48.6) | 130 (51.4) | 1(Reference) | ||||
| Female | 269 (55.8) | 38 (29.5) | 0.3e(0.2–0.5) | 187 (48.6) | 120 (53.1) | 1.2(0.9–1.6) | 246 (48.6) | 61 (58.1) | 1.5(1.0–2.2) | 184 (51.4) | 123 (48.6) | 0.9(0.6–1.2) | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||||
| Married | 372 (77.2) | 110 (85.3) | 1 (Reference) |
296 (76.9) | 186 (82.3) | 1 (Reference) |
399 (78.9) | 83 (79.0) | 1 (Reference) |
282 (78.8) | 200 (79.1) | 1 (Reference) |
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| Widow/ divorced | 47 (9.8) | 4 (3.1) | 0.4(0.1–1.2) | 29 (7.5) | 22 (9.7) | 0.9(0.5–1.7) | 34 (6.7) | 17 (16.2) | 1.6(0.8–3.2) | 28 (7.8) | 23 (9.1) | 1.2(0.7–2.2) | ||||
| Unmarried | 63 (13.1) | 15 (11.6) | 0.8(0.4–1.4) | 60 (15.6) | 18 (8.0) | 0.7(0.4–1.2) | 73 (14.4) | 5 (4.8) | 0.5(0.2–1.2) | 48 (13.4) | 30 (11.9) | 0.9(0.5–1.5) | ||||
| Education level | ||||||||||||||||
| Below secondary | 46 (9.5) | 10 (7.8) | 1 (Reference) |
40 (10.4) | 16 (7.1) | 1 (Reference) |
41 (8.1) | 15 (14.3) | 1(Reference) | 34 (9.5) | 22 (8.7) | 1 (Reference) |
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| Secondary | 212 (44.0) | 58 (45.0) | 1.4(0.7–3.0) | 170 (44.2) | 100 (44.2) | 1.9(1.0–3.7) | 227 (44.9) | 43 (41.0) | 0.6(0.3–1.3) | 159 (44.4) | 111 (43.9) | 1.1(0.6–2.0) | ||||
| College | 154 (32.0) | 51 (39.5) | 1.7(0.8–3.7) | 125 (32.5) | 80 (35.4) | 1.9(1.0–3.7) | 176 (34.8) | 29 (27.6) | 0.5(0.2–1.0) | 117 (32.7) | 88 (34.8) | 1.2(0.7–2.2) | ||||
| University | 70 (14.5) | 10 (7.8) | 0.8(0.3–2.0) | 50 (13.0) | 30 (13.3) | 1.8(0.8–3.0) | 62 (12.3) | 18 (17.1) | 0.9(0.4–2.0) | 48 (13.4) | 32 (12.6) | 1.1(0.5–2.1) | ||||
| Professional group | ||||||||||||||||
| Workerg | 118 (24.5) | 46 (35.7) | 1 (Reference) |
109 (28.3) | 55 (24.3) | 1 (Reference) |
145 (28.7) | 19 (18.1) | 1(Reference) | 91 (25.4) | 73 (28.9) | 1 (Reference) |
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| Employee | 174 (36.1) | 39 (30.2) | 0.8(0.5–1.4) | 121 (21.4) | 92 (40.7) | 1.4(0.9–2.1) | 172 (34.0) | 41 (39.0) | 1.6(0.9–3.0) | 125 (34.9) | 88 (34.8) | 0.9(0.6–1.4) | ||||
| Unemployed | 190 (39.4) | 44 (34.1) | 0.8(0.5–1.2) | 155 (40.3) | 79 (35.0) | 0.9(0.6–1.3) | 189 (37.4) | 45 (42.9) | 1.5(0.8–2.7) | 142 (39.7) | 92 (36.4) | 0.8(0.5–1.2) | ||||
| Monthly family incomeh (tenge) | ||||||||||||||||
| <36,000 | 345 (71.6) | 97 (75.2) | 1 (Reference) |
293 (76.1) | 149 (65.9) | 1 (Reference) |
369 (72.9) | 73 (69.5) | 1 (Reference) |
258 (72.1) | 184 (72.7) | 1 (Reference) |
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| ≥36,000 | 137 (28.4) | 32 (24.8) | 1.1(0.7–1.7) | 9223.9) | 77 (34.1) | 1.6f(1.1–2.4) | 137 (27.1) | 32 (30.5) | 0.9(0.6–1.5) | 100 (27.9) | 69 (27.3) | 1.0(0.7–1.5) | ||||
| Knowledge | ||||||||||||||||
| Poor | 351 (72.8) | 108 (83.7) | 1 (Reference) |
299 (77.7) | 160 (70.8) | 1 (Reference) |
379 (74.9) | 80 (76.2) | 1 (Reference) |
253 (70.7) | 206 (81.4) | 1 (Reference) |
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| Good | 131 (27.2) | 21 (16.3) | 1.2(0.8–1.8) | 86 (22.3) | 66 (29.2) | 1.7f(1.2–2.4) | 127 (25.1) | 25 (23.8) | 1.0(0.7–1.4) | 105 (29.3) | 47 (18.6) | 0.7f(0.5–0.9) | ||||
| Total | 482 (78.9) | 129 (21.1) | 385 (63.0) | 226 (37.0) | 506 (82.8) | 105 (17.2) | 358 (58.6) | 253 (41.4) | ||||||||
aOverweight: body mass index; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was treated as ‘overweight’; it also included obesity. bHypertension: systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm of Hg and diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm of Hg was treated as ‘hypertension’. cOR: odds ratio; ORs were adjusted for age and sex. In knowledge, OR was adjusted for age, sex, income, and education. dCI: confidence interval. e: p<0.001. f: p<0.05. gWorker means ‘blue-collar workers’ engaged in hard physical labor. h1USD=120 tenge.