Table 1.

Expression of proteins in MSCs under normal glucose (5.5 mM) and low glucose (1.4 mM) conditions during osteogenic differentiation

Protein	MW (kD)	Characteristic	Regulation	Reference
Aldehyde dehydrogenase	57.6	Protecting or detoxifying enzyme; preserves stem cells from cytotoxic effects	Up	70
Prolyl 4‐hydroxylase alpha subunit	61.1	Intracellular enzyme; required for synthesis and formation of all known types of collagen	Up	71
Laminin binding protein	31.9	Extracellular protein; affects cell‐substratum attachment, spreading, migration, differentiation, proliferation, and neurite outgrowth	Down	63
Mutant beta‐actin	42.1	Cytoskeletal protein; participates in muscle contraction, cell motility, cytokinesis, vesicle and organelle movement, cell signalling, establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape	Down	64
Sec 12 protein	80	Guanine nucleotide exchange factor; promotes the recruitment of COPII vesicle coats and cargo selection	Down	65
Alpha soluble N‐ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein	33.7	Homohexameric AAA ATPase; a central component of the cellular machinery in the transfer of membrane vesicles from one membrane compartment to another	Down	66
Manganese superoxide dismutase	24.9	Vesicle coats and cargo selection	Down	67
Proteasome alpha 1 subunit	29.8	Intracellular protien; modifies proteasome	Down	68
Ribosomal protein S12	14.9	Locates in the cytoplasm; belongs to the S12E family of ribosomal proteins	Down	69