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Antibiotic resistance increases in final bacterial populations relative to the ancestor (assigned as MIC = 1) regarding the presence and type of antibiotic. ‘No‐phage’ and ‘phage’ indicate whether bacteria evolved with phages. Antibiotic types are assigned as ‘0’ for nonantibiotic treatments, ‘Carb’ for carbenicillin, ‘Gent’ for gentamicin, and ‘Trim’ for trimethoprim. Different antibiotic doses were grouped. Bars represent standard errors.
