Table 5.
Characteristics of newborns by hospital grade
| Characteristics | Total n (%) | Tertiary hospitals n (%) | Secondary hospitals n (%) | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All babies | 113,597 (100.00) | 81,100 (100.00) | 32,497 (100.00) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 61,834 (54.43) | 43,956 (54.20) | 17,878 (55.01) | 6.21 | 0.013 |
| Female | 51,763 (45.57) | 37,144 (45.80) | 14,619 (44.99) | ||
| Apgar score at 1 min | |||||
| 1–3 | 421 (0.37) | 370 (0.46) | 51 (0.16) | 78.43 | <0.001 |
| 4–7 | 2 272 (2.00) | 1721 (2.12) | 551 (1.70) | ||
| 8–10 | 110,904 (97.63) | 79,009 (97.42) | 31,895 (98.15) | ||
| Neonatal death | 504 (0.44) | 411 (0.51) | 93 (0.29) | 25.56 | <0.001 |
| Neonatal complications | |||||
| None | 110,246 (97.05) | 79,102 (97.54) | 31,144 (95.84) | 23.42 | <0.001 |
| Pathologic jaundice | 1330 (1.17) | 747 (0.92) | 583 (1.79) | 152.79 | <0.001 |
| NRDS | 439 (0.39) | 283 (0.35) | 156 (0.48) | 10.36 | 0.001 |
| Pneumonia | 212 (0.12) | 156 (0.19) | 56 (0.17) | 0.500 | 0.480 |
| Infection | 88 (0.08) | 69 (0.09) | 19 (0.06) | 2.12 | 0.145 |
| Birth trauma | 34 (0.03) | 21 (0.03) | 13 (0.04) | 1.54 | 0.214 |
| Others | 1336 (1.18) | 792 (0.98) | 544 (1.67) | 97.10 | <0.001 |
| Birth weight for full-term infants | 103,895 (100.00) | 71,660 (100.00) | 32,235 (100.00) | ||
| Low birth weight | 2159 (2.08) | 1258 (1.76) | 901 (2.80) | 292.94 | <0.001 |
| Appropriate for gestational age | 94,368 (90.83) | 65,809 (91.84) | 28,559 (88.60) | ||
| Fetal macrosomia | 7368 (7.09) | 4593 (6.41) | 2775 (8.61) | ||
| Presence of malformations | 113,895 (100.000) | 81,100 (100.000) | 32,497 (100.000) | ||
| None | 112,422 (98.707) | 80,125 (98.798) | 32,297 (99.380) | 78.04 | <0.001 |
| Chromosome abnormality | 68 (0.060) | 59 (0.073) | 9 (0.028) | 7.87 | 0.005 |
| Neural tube defect | 22 (0.019) | 20 (0.025) | 2 (0.006) | 4.10 | 0.043 |
| Congenital heart disease | 207 (0.182) | 149 (0.184) | 58 (0.178) | 0.04 | 0.851 |
| Cheilopalatognathus | 79 (0.070) | 71 (0.088) | 8 (0.025) | 13.22 | <0.001 |
| Microtia/anotia | 24 (0.021) | 17 (0.021) | 7 (0.022) | 0.00 | 0.952 |
| Esophageal stenosis/atresia | 17 (0.015) | 15 (0.018) | 2 (0.006) | 2.36 | 0.124 |
| Imperforate anus | 19 (0.017) | 16 (0.020) | 3 (0.009) | 1.53 | 0.216 |
| Hypospadia | 22 (0.019) | 18 (0.022) | 4 (0.012) | 1.17 | 0.279 |
| Exstrophy of bladder | 7 (0.006) | 4 (0.005) | 3 (0.009) | - | 0.416 |
| Talipesequinovarus | 28 (0.025) | 23 (0.028) | 5 (0.015) | - | 0.208 |
| Polydactyly | 64 (0.056) | 47 (0.058) | 17 (0.052) | - | 0.717 |
| Syndactylia | 16 (0.014) | 12 (0.015) | 4 (0.012) | - | 1.000 |
| Limb shortening | 11 (0.010) | 10 (0.012) | 1 (0.003) | - | 0.196 |
| Congenital diaphragmatic hernia | 9 (0.008) | 9 (0.011) | 0 (0.000) | - | 0.068 |
| Acromphalus | 1 (0.001) | 1 (0.001) | 0 (0.000) | - | 1.000 |
| Gastroschisis | 5 (0.004) | 5 (0.006) | 0 (0.000) | - | 0.331 |
| Others | 649 (0.571) | 579 (0.714) | 70 (0.215) | 23.20 | <0.001 |
NRDS: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.