Table 4.

OLS model: impact of socio-economic characteristics on price paid per cigarette (PPP US$, male smokers).

	Malaysia (n =1291)				Thailand (n =823)				Whole sample (n =2114)
Parameter	b	SE	t	P	b	SE	t	p	b	SE	T	p
Intercept	0.140	0.015	9.51	< 0.001	0.129	0.007	17.60	< 0.001	0.143	0.011	13.25	< 0.001
Residence
Urban (vs. rural)	0.019	0.012	1.49	0.156	0.001	0.003	0.21	0.833	0.012	0.008	1.55	0.127
Age*
18–24 (vs. 55+)	0.003	0.011	0.32	0.753	0.017	0.003	5.54	< 0.001	0.007	0.007	1.01	0.317
25–54 (vs. 55+)	0.010	0.005	1.91	0.075	0.004	0.003	1.70	0.099	0.008	0.003	2.33	0.024
Income**
Low (vs. high)	−0.032	0.006	−5.30	< 0.001	−0.006	0.003	−2.03	0.051	−0.025	0.004	−6.16	< 0.001
Moderate (vs. high)	−0.004	0.003	−1.19	0.251	−0.004	0.002	−2.47	0.019	−0.003	0.002	−1.28	0.208
Education
BSecondary (vs.]secondary)	−0.010	0.005	−2.05	0.057	−0.005	0.002	−2.37	0.024	−0.009	0.003	−2.66	0.011
Race
Major group (vs. other)	0.023	0.009	2.51	0.023	−0.0003	0.006	−0.05	0.962	0.023	0.010	2.46	0.018
RYO
RYO (vs. FMC only)	0.015	0.009	1.73	0.103	−0.002	0.002	−1.04	0.304	0.009	0.005	1.83	0.074
Country
Thailand (vs. Malaysia)		NA				NA			−0.039	0.005	−8.01	< 0.001

^*Overall effect of age: Malaysia F =9.56; df=2, 16; p =0.002. Thailand F =32.02; df=2, 31; p < 0.001. Whole sample F =19.20; df=2, 47; p < 0.001.

^**Overall effect of income: Malaysia F =14.09; df=2, 16, p < 0.001. Thailand F =4.40; df=2, 31; p =0.024. Whole sample F =4.61; df=2, 47; p =0.015.

Note: There are 159 missing observations for Malaysia and five missing observations for Thailand due to incomplete covariate data. Estimating the model with all observations while controlling for missing observations produces similar results. These results are available upon request.