Table 1. Characteristics of included trials of incretin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
| Author (year) | Total population | Safety population | Study duration (weeks) | Mean Age (years) | Male (%) | Mean diabetes duration (years) | Mean BMI (kg/m2) | Mean HbA1C (%) | MeanFPG (mmol/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aschner 2006[37] | 741 | 741 | 24 | 54.2 | 51.7 | 4.4 | 30.5 | 8.0 | 9.7 |
| Aschner 2010[38] | 1,050 | 1,050 | 24 | 56.0 | 46.0 | 2.4 | 30.8 | 7.2 | 7.9 |
| Barnett 2012[39] | 455 | 455 | 24 | 57.2 | 41.7 | 11.9 | 32.3 | 8.7 | 9.6 |
| Bergenstal 2009[40] | 372 | 372 | 24 | 52.6 | 48.1 | 9.0 | 33.8 | 10.2 | 11.3 |
| Blonde 2009[41] | 2,664 | 2,627 | 12 | 55.6 | 51.8 | 5.1 | 32.4 | 8.0 | 9.3 |
| Bolli 2009[42] | 576 | 576 | 52 | 56.6 | 62.9 | 6.4 | 32.2 | 8.4 | 10.9 |
| Bosi 2007[43] | 416 | 541 | 24 | 54.2 | 57.4 | 6.3 | 32.7 | 8.4 | 9.9 |
| Bosi 2009[22] | 1,179 | 1,171 | 24 | 52.8 | 58 | 2.0 | 31.2 | 8.7 | 10.4 |
| Chacra 2011[44] | 768 | 768 | 76 | 55.1 | 45.1 | 6.9 | 29 | 8.4 | 9.6 |
| Del 2011[45] | 503 | 503 | 24 | 55.7 | 48.3 | NR | 29.1 | 8 | 8.9 |
| Dobs 2013[46] | 262 | 260 | 54 | 54.5 | 54.8 | 9.3 | 30.3 | 8.8 | 10.1 |
| Filozof 2010[47] | 1,007 | 1,007 | 52 | 59.5 | 52 | 6.6 | 31 | 8.5 | 10.7 |
| Fonesca 2012(2)[48] | 361 | 361 | 12 | 53.7 | 51.5 | 1.3 | 31.9 | 8.0 | 9.0 |
| Fonseca 2012[49] | 282 | 282 | 18 | 55.4 | 46.1 | 6.2 | 30.9 | 8.3 | 9.0 |
| Fonseca 2013[50] | 313 | 313 | 26 | 56.0 | 62.3 | 9.8 | 29.9 | 8.8 | 9.8 |
| Forst 2010[51] | 333 | 333 | 12 | 60.0 | 58 | 7 | 31.9 | 8.3 | 10.3 |
| Gallwitz 2012[52] | 1,029 | 1019 | 48 | 56.0 | 54.0 | 5.7 | 32.5 | 7.5 | 8.8 |
| Gallwitz 2012(2)[23] | 1,551 | 1551 | 104 | 59.8 | 60.5 | 715(47.1%)* | 30.2 | 7.7 | 9.1 |
| Garber 2007[53] | 398 | 462 | 24 | 54.3 | 50.0 | 4.7 | 32.4 | 8.7 | 10.1 |
| Garber 2008[54] | 408 | 515 | 24 | 58.2 | 59.0 | 7.2 | 31.3 | 8.5 | 10.4 |
| Garber 2011[55] | 745 | 745 | 104 | 53.0 | 50.0 | 5.4 | 33.1 | 8.3 | 9.4 |
| Goke 2013[56] | 858 | 858 | 104 | 57.6 | 51.8 | 5.4 | 31.4 | 7.7 | 9.0 |
| Goodman 2009[57] | 370 | 370 | 24 | 54.8 | 57.5 | NR | 31.5 | 8.6 | 10.9 |
| Grunberge 2012[58] | 164 | 164 | 12 | 56.6 | 45.1 | 3.9 | 32.1 | 7.2 | NR |
| Haak 2012[59] | 791 | 791 | 24 | 55.3 | 53.8 | 562(74.3%)* | 29.1 | 8.7 | 10.8 |
| Henry 2011[21] | 36 | 36 | 12 | 55.6 | 38.9 | 3.1 | 32.9 | 6.8 | 7.1 |
| Hollander 2011[60] | 565 | 565 | 76 | 54.0 | 49.6 | 5.2 | 30.0 | 8.3 | 9.0 |
| Inagaki 2012[61] | 427 | 427 | 26 | 56.8 | 67.9 | 9 | 26.2 | 8.5 | 9.0 |
| Inagaki 2014[62] | 322 | 322 | 12 | 59.8 | 60.3 | 6.4 | 25.3 | 8.1 | 9.1 |
| Iwamoto 2010[63] | 363 | 363 | 12 | 59.8 | 61.7 | 5.4 | 24.5 | 7.6 | 8.2 |
| Kaku 2011[64] | 339 | 339 | 52 | 60.1 | 62.8 | 6.7 | 26.1 | 7.9 | NR |
| Kaku 2011(2)[65] | 400 | 400 | 52 | 58.3 | 67.3 | 8.3 | 24.8 | 9.3 | NR |
| Matthews 2010[66] | 3,118 | 3,099 | 104 | 57.5 | 53.5 | 5.7 | 31.8 | 7.3 | 9.2 |
| Matyjaszek-Matuszek 2013[67] | 80 | 80 | 26 | 60 | 43.8 | 8.4 | 32.1 | 7.9 | 9.6 |
| Mohan 2009[68] | 530 | 530 | 18 | 50.9 | 58.0 | 2.0 | 25.0 | 8.7 | 10.5 |
| Moses 2014[69] | 257 | 257 | 24 | 57.0 | 59.9 | NR | 29.3 | 8.3 | 8.8 |
| Nauck 2007[70] | 1,172 | 1,172 | 52 | 56.7 | 59.2 | 6.4 | 31.2 | 7.7 | 9.2 |
| Nauck 2009[71] | 527 | 527 | 26 | 54.8 | 50.3 | 6 | 32 | 302(57.3%)** | 9.5 |
| Nauck 2013[24] | 1,091 | 1,087 | 104 | 56.7 | 58.2 | 7.6 | 31 | 8.4 | 10 |
| Nonaka 2008[72] | 151 | 151 | 12 | 55.3 | 63 | 4 | 25.2 | 7.6 | 9.1 |
| Olansky 2011[73] | 1,246 | 1,246 | 44 | 49.7 | 56.5 | 3.4 | 33.3 | 9.9 | 10.3 |
| Perez-Monteverde 2011[74] | 492 | 452 | 40 | 51.1 | 61.0 | 3.2 | 29.8 | 9.1 | 10.3 |
| Pfutzner 2011[75] | 1,306 | 1,306 | 76 | 52.0 | 49.2 | 1.7 | 30.4 | 9.5 | 11.1 |
| Phillis-Tsimikas 2013[76] | 447 | 454 | 26 | 40.8 | 58.6 | 7.8 | 30.4 | 8.9 | 9.6 |
| Pinget 2013[77] | 484 | 484 | 24 | 55.8 | 52.3 | 8.1 | 33.9 | 8.1 | 9.1 |
| Pratley 2006[78] | 98 | 98 | 12 | 55.7 | 42.9 | 4.3 | 30.0 | 8.0 | 9.6 |
| Pratley 2009[79] | 500 | 500 | 26 | 56.6 | 52.2 | 7.7 | 30.1 | 8.1 | NR |
| Pratley 2009(2)[80] | 493 | 493 | 24 | 55.4 | 58.2 | 7.6 | 32.8 | 8.0 | NR |
| Pratley 2013[81] | 760 | 751 | 24 | 56.4 | 49 | 8.8 | 32.7 | 8.3 | 10.0 |
| Prato 2011[82] | 503 | 503 | 24 | 55.7 | 48.3 | NR | 29.1 | 8 | 7.1 |
| Ratner 2010[83] | 129 | 129 | 12 | 57 | 14.0 | 7.0 | 32.4 | 7.9 | 9.1 |
| Raz 2008[84] | 190 | 190 | 30 | 54.8 | 46.3 | 7.9 | 30.2 | 9.2 | 11.1 |
| Reasner 2011[85] | 1,246 | 1,246 | 18 | 49.7 | 56.5 | 3.4 | 33.3 | 9.9 | 12.2 |
| Riddle 2013[86] | 495 | 495 | 24 | 57 | 46 | 12.5 | 32.1 | 8.4 | 8.0 |
| Rosenstock 2006[87] | 353 | 353 | 24 | 56.3 | 55.5 | 6.1 | 31.5 | 8.0 | 9.3 |
| Rosenstock 2009[88] | 598 | 591 | 80 | 54.3 | 56.6 | 2.2 | 32.6 | 8.6 | 9.9 |
| Rosenstock 2009(2)[89] | 390 | 390 | 26 | 56.8 | 41.4 | 12.6 | 32.5 | 9.3 | 10.6 |
| Rosenstock 2011[90] | 859 | 859 | 24 | 57.3 | 50.5 | 9.3 | 30.2 | 8.3 | 9.5 |
| Ross 2012[91] | 491 | 491 | 12 | 58.6 | 57 | 227(46.2%)* | 29.6 | 7.9 | 9.2 |
| Russel-Jones 2012[92] | 820 | 820 | 26 | 53.8 | 59.0 | 2.7 | 31.2 | 8.5 | 9.9 |
| Scherbaum 2008[93] | 131 | 131 | 112 | 63.1 | 59.5 | 2.3 | 30.3 | 6.6 | 6.9 |
| Schernthaner 2013[94] | 755 | 755 | 52 | 56.7 | 55.9 | 9.6 | 31.6 | 8.1 | 9.3 |
| Seino 2012[95] | 312 | 312 | 64 | 60.2 | 66.7 | 9.8 | 24.7 | 8.6 | NR |
| Seino 2012(2)[96] | 288 | 288 | 12 | 52.6 | 68.8 | 6.3 | 25.9 | 8 | NR |
| Seino 2014[97] | 215 | 212 | 16 | 57 | 69.8 | 7 | 25.1 | 8.6 | NR |
| Strain 2013[98] | 278 | 278 | 24 | 74.8 | 45.3 | 11.4 | 29.8 | 11.4 | 9.8 |
| Tajima 2011[99] | 138 | 138 | 12 | 60.8 | 58 | 9.1 | 24.6 | 8.4 | 8.6 |
| Tajima 2013[100] | 133 | 133 | 12 | 60.5 | 65.4 | 7.2 | 24.1 | 7.9 | 8.4 |
| Taskinen 2011[101] | 700 | 700 | 24 | 56.5 | 54 | 310(44.3%)* | 29.9 | 8.1 | 9.4 |
| Terra 2011[102] | 301 | 301 | 12 | 56.2 | 66.4 | 7.1 | 32.0 | 8.3 | 9.5 |
| Vilsboll 2010[103] | 641 | 641 | 24 | 57.8 | 51.0 | 12.5 | 31.0 | 8.7 | 9.8 |
| White 2014[104] | 160 | 160 | 12 | 55.4 | 53.1 | 6.0 | 33.1 | 7.9 | 9.1 |
| Williams-Herman 2009[105] | 1,091 | 1,091 | 54 | 53.5 | 50.6 | 4.5 | 32.1 | 8.8 | 11.1 |
| Wysham 2014[106] | 976 | 976 | 26 | 55.6 | 58.4 | 9.0 | 33.3 | 8.1 | 9.0 |
| Yang 2011[107] | 570 | 570 | 24 | 54.1 | 48.3 | 5.1 | 26.2 | 7.9 | 8.8 |
| Average value across included trials | 608 | 610 | 35.1 | 56.1 | 54.1 | 6.5 | 30.3 | 8.3 | 9.5 |
BMI = body mass index; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; NR = not reported
* No (%) of patients with no more than 5 years’ diabetes duration
** No (%) of patients with HbA1c < 8%