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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 14.
Published in final edited form as: J Prosthet Orthot. 1997 Summer;9(3):113–122. doi: 10.1097/00008526-199700930-00005

Table A.

Typical causes of malalignment in transtibial amputees’ prostheses.

Malalignments in
coronal plane 		Gait deviations
Too narrow
base of gait		 Too wide
base of gait		 Inversion of
foot		 Eversion of
foot
Inset of prosthetic foot relative to socket X X
Outset of prosthetic foot relative to socket X X
Varus of socket relative to shank X X
Valgus of socket relative to shank X X
Excessive internal rotation of foot X X
External rotation of foot X X
Malalignments in
sagittal plane 		Gait deviations
Excessive
knee flexion		 Drop-off Reduced knee
flexion or
knee
hyperextension		 Shortened
intact step
Posterior translation of socket relative to shank X X
Anterior translation of socket relative to shank X X
Excessive socket flexion relative to shank X X
Excessive socket extension relative to shank X X
Excessive foot dorsiflexion X X
Excessive foot plantarflexion X X