Table 1.
Baseline patient and facility characteristics and unadjusted rates of primary treatments for men with localized prostate cancers.
| Baseline Characteristics | All (n, %) | RP (%) | Radiation (%) | PADT (%) | No active treatment (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| N = 17,206 (100.0) |
N = 991 (5.8) |
N = 6,648 (38.8) |
N = 3,486 (20.3) |
N = 6,061 (35.2) |
||
|
| ||||||
| Age | <0.0001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| 65–69 | 5,821 (33.8) | 10.3 | 44.5 | 10.5 | 34.7 | |
| 70–74 | 5,821 (33.8) | 5.1 | 44.9 | 15.6 | 34.4 | |
| 75+ | 5,564 (32.4) | 1.7 | 26.3 | 35.3 | 36.7 | |
|
| ||||||
| Race* | <0.0001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| White | 12,987 (75.9) | 6.4 | 38.9 | 19.2 | 35.5 | |
| Black | 3,503 (20.5) | 3.5 | 39.7 | 21.3 | 35.5 | |
| Other | 611 (3.6) | 4.9 | 31.1 | 33.9 | 30.1 | |
|
| ||||||
| Marrieda | <0.0001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 6,935 (40.7) | 4.8 | 37.9 | 21.5 | 35.8 | |
| Yes | 10,112 (59.3) | 6.5 | 39.4 | 19.3 | 34.8 | |
|
| ||||||
| Lived in an area in which ≥25% of adults had a college educationa | <0.0001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 11,876 (71.6) | 5.9 | 39.1 | 17.1 | 37.9 | |
|
| ||||||
| Yes | 4,702 (28.4) | 5.7 | 38.6 | 21.6 | 34.1 | |
|
| ||||||
| Census regionb | <0.0001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Midwest | 3,676 (21.4) | 6.0 | 39.0 | 18.3 | 36.7 | |
| Northeast | 2,437 (14.2) | 5.5 | 40.3 | 16.7 | 37.5 | |
| South | 8,017 (46.5) | 4.9 | 38.9 | 23.9 | 32.3 | |
| West | 3,076 (17.9) | 7.9 | 36.7 | 16.1 | 39.3 | |
|
| ||||||
| Charlson comorbidity score | <0.0001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| 0 | 9,952 (57.8) | 6.8 | 39.8 | 19.1 | 34.3 | |
| 1–2 | 5,148 (29.9) | 4.7 | 38.5 | 20.9 | 35.9 | |
| ≥ 3 | 2,106 (12.3) | 3.3 | 34.3 | 24.4 | 38.0 | |
|
| ||||||
| Clinical stagec | < 0.001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| T1c | 10,988 (63.9) | 5.4 | 39.7 | 17.6 | 37.3 | |
| T2 | 872 (5.1) | 10.6 | 30.5 | 24.2 | 34.7 | |
| T2a/b/c | 5,346 (31.0) | 5.6 | 38.2 | 25.1 | 31.1 | |
|
| ||||||
| PSA (ng/mL, before cancer diagnosis) | <0.0001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| < 4 | 2,062 (12.0) | 7.6 | 35.6 | 16.0 | 40.8 | |
| 4 to <10 | 9,849 (57.2) | 6.6 | 42.9 | 13.3 | 37.2 | |
| ≥ 10 | 5,295 (30.8) | 3.5 | 32.2 | 35.0 | 29.3 | |
|
| ||||||
| Gleason score (biopsy)a | <0.0001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| 2–6 | 8,808 (51.7) | 8.4 | 47.7 | 15.5 | 28.4 | |
| 7–10 | 8,215 (48.3) | 8.2 | 53.9 | 26.7 | 11.2 | |
|
| ||||||
| Distance to diagnosing VA (miles)a | 0.02 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| 0 to <10 | 9,257 (53.8) | 5.3 | 38.8 | 19.8 | 36.1 | |
| 10 to <50 | 7,642 (44.5) | 6.1 | 38.8 | 20.9 | 34.2 | |
| 50+ | 290 (1.7) | 7.9 | 40.3 | 19.0 | 32.8 | |
|
| ||||||
| Seen at community-based outpatient clinic within 1 year before/after cancer diagnosis | <0.0001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 11,497 (66.8) | 6.5 | 38.9 | 20.2 | 34.4 | |
| Yes | 5,709 (33.2) | 4.2 | 38.6 | 20.3 | 36.9 | |
|
| ||||||
| Academic affiliation* | 0.39 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 507 (3.0) | 6.9 | 51.7 | 22.5 | 18.9 | |
| Yes | 16,145 (97.0) | 8.2 | 50.3 | 20.9 | 20.6 | |
|
| ||||||
| Availability of urologists | <0.001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 880 (5.1) | 6.5 | 37.5 | 22.6 | 33.4 | |
| Urologists but no urology residents | 5,002 (29.1) | 5.6 | 41.6 | 22.9 | 29.9 | |
| Urologists and urology residents | 11,324 (65.8) | 5.8 | 37.6 | 18.9 | 37.7 | |
|
| ||||||
| Availability of radiation oncologists | <0.001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 7,749 (45.0) | 7.0 | 39.2 | 20.3 | 33.5 | |
| Yes | 9,457 (55.0) | 4.8 | 38.4 | 20.2 | 36.6 | |
|
| ||||||
| Year of cancer diagnosis | <0.001 | |||||
|
| ||||||
| 2003 | 2,286 (13.3) | 6.3 | 39.2 | 22.0 | 32.5 | |
| 2004 | 2,929 (17.0) | 6.3 | 38.9 | 22.4 | 32.4 | |
| 2005 | 2,735 (15.9) | 5.1 | 40.3 | 20.1 | 34.5 | |
| 2006 | 2,885 (16.8) | 4.3 | 41.2 | 20.3 | 34.2 | |
| 2007 | 3,309 (19.2) | 5.4 | 36.1 | 21.4 | 37.1 | |
| 2008 | 3,062 (17.8) | 7.1 | 37.5 | 15.8 | 39.6 | |
Missing values: race, 105; marital status, 159; college education, 628; VA distance, 17; Gleason score, 183; academic affiliation, 554.
States comprising census regions. Midwest: IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI; Northeast: CT, MA, ME, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT; South: AR, AL, D.C., DE, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV; West: AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY.
Clinical tumor stage definitions: 1C, tumor identified by needle biopsy (e.g., because of elevated PSA); 2, tumor confined within prostate; 2A, tumor involves one half of one lobe or less; 2B, tumor involves more than one half of one lobe but not both lobes; 2C, tumor involves both lobes.
RP, radical prostatectomy; PADT, primary androgen deprivation; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; VA, Veterans Affairs.