Table 4.
Relative risk ratios (95%CI) for receiving active treatments versus no active treatment by baseline sociodemographic, clinical, tumor, and facility characteristics, and year of diagnosis among men with low-risk localized cancers (N = 5,616)
| Baseline characteristics | Surgery or radiotherapy versus no active treatment | PADT versus no active treatment |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Age (years) | ||
| 65–69 (reference) | – | – |
| 70–74 | 0.79 (0.70–0.90) | 1.38 (1.05–1.80) |
| 75+ | 0.36 (0.30–0.43) | 2.13 (1.50–3.02) |
|
| ||
| Race | ||
| White (reference) | – | – |
| Black | 1.11 (0.91–1.34) | 0.93 (0.70–1.25) |
| Other | 1.38 (0.88–2.15) | 1.83 (0.88–3.80) |
|
| ||
| Marrieda | ||
| No (reference) | – | – |
| Yes | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 0.91 (0.74–1.13) |
|
| ||
| Lived in an area in which ≥ 25% of adults had a college educationa | ||
| No (reference) | – | – |
| Yes | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 0.72 (0.56–0.93) |
|
| ||
| Census region | ||
| Midwest (reference) | – | – |
| Northeast | 1.19 (0.90–1.58) | 0.80 (0.43–1.50) |
| South | 1.17 (0.85–1.62) | 1.65 (1.00–2.73) |
| West | 0.73 (0.52–1.03) | 0.78 (0.45–1.37) |
|
| ||
| Charlson comorbidity score | ||
| 0 (best health) (reference) | – | – |
| 1–2 (average health) | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) |
| ≥ 3 (worst health) | 0.75 (0.62–0.90) | 0.82 (0.62–1.10) |
|
| ||
| Clinical tumor stage | ||
| T1a (reference) | – | – |
| T2a | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | 1.06 (0.81–1.40) |
|
| ||
| PSA (proximal to cancer diagnosis) | ||
| < 4 ng/mL (reference) | – | – |
| 4 to <10 ng/mL | 1.45 (1.15–1.82) | 1.29 (0.92–1.81) |
|
| ||
| Distance to diagnosing VA | ||
| 0 to <10 miles (reference) | – | – |
| 10 to <50 miles | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) | 0.87 (0.66–1.16) |
| 50+ miles | 0.74 (0.47–1.15) | 0.80 (0.30–2.10) |
|
| ||
| Seen at VA community–based outpatient clinic in 1 year on/after cancer diagnosis date | ||
| No | – | – |
| Yes | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 1.14 (0.88–1.48) |
|
| ||
| VA with academic affiliation | ||
| No (reference) | – | – |
| Yes | 1.21 (0.84–1.76) | 0.93 (0.32–2.73) |
|
| ||
| Availability of urologists | ||
| None (reference) | – | – |
| Urologists but no urology residents | 1.32 (0.82–2.13) | 1.09 (0.50–2.37) |
| Urologists and urology residents | 0.93 (0.60–1.45) | 0.51 (0.24–1.10) |
|
| ||
| Availability of radiation oncologists | ||
| No (reference) | – | – |
| Yes | 0.78 (0.60–1.02) | 0.86 (0.49–1.53) |
|
| ||
| Year of cancer diagnosis | ||
| 2003 (reference) | – | – |
| 2004 | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) | 1.05 (0.70–1.56) |
| 2005 | 0.86 (0.66–1.11) | 0.78 (0.53–1.15) |
| 2006 | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 0.75 (0.51–1.12) |
| 2007 | 0.71 (0.55–0.93) | 0.65 (0.43–0.99) |
| 2008 | 0.61 (0.46–0.81) | 0.30 (0.19–0.46) |
PADT, primary androgen deprivation; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; VA, Veterans Affairs.