Table 2.
Study characteristics, feedback characteristics, and outcomes
| Study characteristics | Feedback characteristics | Outcomes | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Sample (N) | Comparisons (n) | Outcome measures and follow-up period | Measures | Recipient | Frequency | Training provided | Treatment effectiveness: total sample | Treatment effectiveness: not on track patients | Treatment efficiency | Effect on collaborative practice |
| Anker et al. (2009) | Outpatient couple therapy (906) | Fb (446) NFb (460) |
ORS, post-treatment, 6 months | SRS ORS |
Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | Yes | Fb > NFb | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Ashaye et al. (2003) | Outpatient (112) | Fb (44) NFb (58) |
HoNOS 65 + , 3 months CAPE-BRS |
CANE | Clinician | Once | Not reported | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Bickman et al. (2011) | Outpatient community setting (340) | Fb (167) NFb (173) |
SFSS, post-treatment | SFSS | Clinician | Session-by-session | Yes | N/A | N/A | Fb > NFba | N/A |
| Brodey et al. (2005) | Outpatient (1374) | Fb (681) NFb (693) |
SCL-11, 6 weeks | SCL-11 | Clinician | Twice | Not reported | Fb > NFb | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Cisneros (2010) | Outpatient (181) | Clinician-Fb (90) Patient-Clinician Fb (91) |
OQ-45 ASC HAQ-II (all: post treatment) |
OQ-45 | Clinician/ Clinician and patient |
Session-by-session | No | P/C-Fb > C-Fb | P/C-Fb > C-Fb | N/A | Therapeutic alliance P/C-Fb = C-Fb |
| Copeland (2007) | Outpatient (145) | NFb (39) LSQ Fb (37) ES Fb (33) Both Fb (35) |
LSQ, sessions 1, 3, 5 ES-P and ES-N, sessions 2, 4 |
LSQ ES-P ES-N |
Clinician | Session-by-session | Not reported | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A | Therapeutic alliance Fb = NFb |
| De Jong et al. (2012) | Outpatient (413) | Fb (206) NFb (207) |
OQ-45, after sessions 1, 3, 5, and then every fifth session | OQ-45 | Clinician and patient | After sessions 1, 3, 5, and then every fifth session | Yes | Fb = NFb | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A |
| Galvinhill (2001) | Outpatient Students (144) |
NFb (48) Oral-Fb (48) Written-Fb (48) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician | Session-by-session | Yes | O-Fb > NFb O-Fb > W-Fb W-Fb = NFb |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Harmon et al. (2007) | Outpatient students (2819) | Clinician-Fb (687) Patient-Clinician Fb (687) NFb (1445) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician/ Clinician and patient |
Session-by-session | Not reported | Total Fb > NFb C-Fb = C/P-Fb |
Total Fb > NFb C-Fb = P/C-Fb |
N/A | N/A |
| Hawkins et al. (2004) | Outpatient (201) | Clinician- Fb (70) Patient-Clinician Fb (67) NFb (64) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician/ Clinician and patient |
Session-by-session | Not reported | C-Fb > NFb P/C-Fb > NFb P/C-Fb > C-Fb |
C-Fb = NFb P/C-Fb = NFb C-Fb = C/P |
Total Fb = NFb OT-Fb = OT-NFb NOT-Fb = NOT-NFb |
N/A |
| Lambert et al. (2001) | Outpatient students (609) | Fb (307) NFb (302) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician | Session-by-session | Not reported | Fb > NFb | Fb > NFb | Total Fb = NFb NOT-Fb < NOT-NFb OT-Fb > OT-NFb |
N/A |
| Lambert et al. (2002) | Outpatient students (1020) | Fb (528) NFb (492) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician | Session-by-session | Not reported | Fb > NFb | Fb > NFb | Total Fb < NFb NOT-Fb < NOT-NFb OT-Fb = OT-NFb |
N/A |
| Lester (2012) | Inpatient (120) | Fb (60) NFb (60) |
ORS, post-treatment Y-OQ, post-treatment |
SRS ORS |
Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | Yes | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Marshall et al. (2004) | Outpatient (304) | Fb (158) NFb (146) |
BPRS WHODAS CSI MANSA (all measures, 12 months) |
CNS | Care coordinator | Once | Yes | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A | Patient satisfaction Fb > NFb |
| Murphy et al. (2012) | Outpatient students (110) | Fb (59) NFb (51) |
ORS, post- treatment | ORS | Clinician | Session-by-session | Yes | Fb = NFb | N/A | Fb = NFb | N/A |
| Newnham et al. (2010) (follow-up: Byrne et al. 2012) |
Inpatient (1308) | Fb (408) NFb (439) Control (461) |
WHO-5, 9 days SF-36, post-treatment DASS-21, post-treatment HoNOS, post-treatment |
WHO-5 | Clinician and patient | Twice | No | Fb = NFb | Fb > NFb | N/A | N/A |
| Priebe et al. (2007) | Outpatient (507) | Fb (256) NFb (235) |
SQOL CSQ-8 PANSS (all: 12 months) |
DIALOG | Clinician and patient | Every 2 months | Yes | Fb > NFb | N/A | N/A | Patient satisfaction Fb > NFb |
| Probst et al. (2013) | Inpatient (43) | Fb (23) NFb (20) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician | Session-by-session | No | N/A | Fb > NFb | N/A | N/A |
| Probst et al. (2014) | Inpatient (209) | Fb (111) NFb (98) |
OQ-45,1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician | Session-by-session | No | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Puschner et al. (2009) | Inpatient psychiatric (294) | Fb (148) NFb (146) |
EB-45, T1.1, T1.2 (weeks after admission), T2 (discharge) | OQ-45 | Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | Yes | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Reese al. (2009a) | Outpatient (Study 1: 74) (Study 2: 74) |
Study 1
Fb (50) NFb (24) Study 1 Fb (51) NFb (21) |
ORS, post-treatment | SRS ORS |
Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | Yes | Fb > NFb | N/A | Fb = NFb | N/A |
| Reese et al. (2009b) | Outpatient: community centre/students (110) | Fb (?) NFb (?) |
ORS SOS SWAI–T COSE (all: T1- at the middle of the fall semester, T2 - end of the fall semester, T3 - at the end of the spring semester) |
SRS ORS |
Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | Yes | Fb > NFb | N/A | Fb = NFb | Supervisory alliance Fb = NFb Satisfaction with supervision Fb = NFb |
| Reese et al. (2010) | Outpatient couple therapy (92) | Fb (54) NFb (38) |
ORS, post- treatment | OQ-45 SRS ORS |
Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | Yes | Fb > NFb | N/A | Fb > NFba | N/A |
| Reeves (2009) | Outpatient (220) | Fb (99) NFb (120) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | Yes | N/A | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A |
| Rise et al. (2012) | Outpatient (75) | Fb (37) NFb (38) |
TAS CSQ BASIS-32 PAM MCS (SF-12) Patient Motivation, Patient Activation, (all: 6 weeks) |
SRS ORS |
Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | Yes | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A | Patient activation Fb = NFb Therapeutic alliance Fb = NFb Patient satisfaction Fb = NFb Patient motivation Fb > NFb |
| Simon et al. (2012) | Outpatient (370) | Fb (109) NFb (98) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 ASC |
Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | No | N/A | Fb > NFb | NOT-Fb = NOT-NFb | N/A |
| Simon et al. (2013) | Inpatient eating disorders (137) | Fb (69) NFb (64) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | No | Fb > NFb | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Slade et al. (2008)/Slade (2008) | Outpatient (3919) | Clinician- Fb (687) Patient-Clinician Fb (687) NFb (1445) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician/ Clinician and patient |
Session-by-session | Not reported | Total Fb > NFb C = C/P |
Total Fb = NFb C = C/P |
NOT-Fb < NOT-NFb | N/A |
| Soeken et al. (1981) | Outpatient couple therapy (24) | Fb (?) NFb (?) |
PSQ, T1, T2 | PSQ | Clinician and patient | Session-by-session (sessions 6-10) | Not reported | Fb > NFb | N/A | N/A | Self-efficacy Fb > NFb Insight Fb > NFb Involvement Fb > NFb |
| Trudeau (2000) | Outpatient (127) | NFb (38) NFb (23) Fb (66) |
RAND 36, 2 and 4 months OQ-45, 2 and 4 months |
OQ-45 | Clinician | Session-by-session | Not reported | Fb = NFb | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Truitt (2011) | Outpatient eating disorders (51) | Fb (30) NFb (21) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician and patient | Session-by-session | Not reported | Fb > NFb | N/A | Total Fb < NFb | N/A |
| Whipple et al. (2003) | Outpatient students (981) | Fb (499) NFb (482) |
OQ-45, post-treatment | OQ-45 | Clinician | Session-by-session | No | Fb = NFb | Fb > NFb | Total-Fb = NFb NOT-Fb < NOT-NFb OT-Fb > NOT-NFb |
N/A |
Fb feedback, NFb no-feedback, ORS Outcome Rating Scale, SRS Session Rating Scale, > significantly higher level, < significantly lower level, = no difference, N/A not applicable, HoNOS 65+ Health of the Nation Outcome Scales 65+, CAPE-BRS Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly-Behaviour Rating Scales, CANE Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly, NS not significant, SFSS Symptoms and Functioning Severity Scale, CFS Contextualized Feedback System, SCL-11 Symptom Checklist-11, LSQ Life Status Questionnaire, ES Empathy Scale, ES-P Empathy Scale—Positive, ES-N Empathy Scale—Negative, OQ-45 Outcome Questionnaire—45, O-Fb Oral Feedback, W-Fb Written Feedback, C-Fb Clinician Feedback, C/P-Fb Clinician/Patient Feedback, OT on-track, NOT not-on-track, Y-OQ Youth Outcome Questionnaire, BPRS Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, WHODAS World Health Organization Psychiatric Disability Assessment Schedule, CSI Client Satisfaction Index, MANSA Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life, CNS Cardinal Needs Schedule, WHO-5 World Health Organisation, SF-36 Short Form 36 Health Survey, DASS-21 Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, ASC Assessment for Signal Clients, HAQ-II Helping Alliance Questionnaire, SQOL Subjective Quality of Life, CSQ-8 Client Satisfaction Assessment, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, EB-45 Ergebnisfragebogen, SOS Supervision Outcome Survey, SWAI–T Supervisory Working Alliance Inventory, COSE Counselling Self-Estimate Inventory, TAS Treatment Alliance Scale, CSQ Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, BASIS-32 Behaviour and Symptom Identification Scale, PAM Patient Activation Measure, MCS (SF-12) Mental Component Score (Short Form-12), PSQ Post Session Questionnaire, RAND RAND 36-item Health Survey 1.0
aPatients in the feedback condition improved significantly faster