Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Sample.
| Total offspring sample (N=208) | Offspring with SA (n=20) | Offspring with SRB (n=20) | NS offspring (n=168) | Healthy controls n=35 | Test statistic | p-values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offspring demographics | |||||||
| Age, M (SD)a | 23.3 (5.3) | 25.4 (4.0)a,b | 22.8 (5.8)a | 23.2 (5.4)a | 27.2 (5.5)b | 6.44 | <0.001 |
| Sex, N (% female) | 92 (44.2) | 13 (65.0) | 9 (45.0) | 70 (41.7) | 13 (37.1) | 4.58 | 0.21 |
| Caucasian, N (%) | 114 (55.3) | 7 (35.0) | 12 (60.0) | 95 (57.2) | 11 (32.4) | 9.91 | 0.02 |
| Hispanic, N (%) | 21 (10.1) | 2 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (11.4) | 4 (11.4) | FETb | 0.52 |
| Site, N (% Pittsburgh) | 151 (72.6) | 15 (75.0)a | 17 (85.0)a | 119 (70.8)a | 0 (0.0)b | 68.69 | <0.001 |
| Socio-economic status, M (SD) | 19.5 (18.8) | 13.6 (11.1) | 16.7 (13.5) | 20.5 (19.8) | 22.6 (19.0) | 1.03 | 0.38 |
| Offspring lifetime psychiatric diagnoses | |||||||
| Depression, N (%) | 110 (53.1) | 20 (100.0)b | 20 (100.0)b | 90 (53.6)a | 0 (0.0)c | 75.04 | <0.001 |
| Bipolar disorder, N (%) | 20 (9.7) | 4 (20.0)a,b | 8 (40.0)a | 8 (4.8)b | 0 (0.0)b | FET | <0.001 |
| Anxiety, N (%) | 112 (54.6) | 16 (80.0)b | 16 (80.0)b | 80 (48.5)a | 0 (0.0)c | 48.70 | <0.001 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder, N (%) | 41 (19.8) | 9 (45.0)b | 7 (35.0)a,b | 25 (15.0)a,c | 0 (0.0)c | FET | <0.001 |
| Behavioral disorders, N (%) | 43 (62.3) | 9 (100.0)a | 2 (50.0)a | 32 (57.1)a | 0 (0.0)b | FET | <0.001 |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, N (%) | 43 (20.7) | 8 (40.0)a | 3 (15.0)a,b | 32 (19.0)a | 0 (0.0)b | FET | 0.001 |
| Alcohol/substance abuse disorders, N (%) | 74 (35.8) | 15 (75.0)b | 7 (35.0)a,b | 52 (31.1)a | 0 (0.0)c | 34.22 | <0.001 |
| Any axis I disorder, N (%) | 169 (94.9) | 20 (100.0)a | 20 (100.0)a | 129 (93.5)a | 0 (0.0)b | FET | <0.001 |
| Any axis II disorder, N (%) | 14 (9.2) | 2 (11.8) | 2 (14.3) | 10 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | FET | 0.11 |
| Functional impairmentc, M (SD) | 77.9 (11.3) | 71 (11.1)a | 70.4 (13.9)a | 79.5 (10.6)b | 91.2 (5.7)b | 23.6 | <0.001 |
| NSSI behavior, N (%) | 11 (5.3) | 6 (30.0)a | 5 (25.0)a | 0 (0.0)b | 0 (0.0)b | FET | <0.001 |
| Offspring self-reported measures at the time of TSST | |||||||
| Depression symptomatology, M (SD) | 5.1 (6.4) | 7.4 (5.5)b | 9.1 (8.2)b | 4.2 (5.7)a | 1.2 (2.0)c | 10.27 | <0.001 |
| Impulsive aggression, M (SD) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.9 (1.0)b | 0.6 (0.9)a,b | 0.1 (0.9)a | −0.9 (0.9)c | 21.84 | <0.001 |
| Childhood abuse/neglect, N (%) | 76 (38.0) | 13 (65.0)b | 11 (55.0)a,b | 52 (32.5)a | 0 (0.0)c | 31.17 | <0.001 |
| Offspring TSST measures | |||||||
| Time of day, M (SD) range | 14:04 (1:28) | 13:54 (1:27)a | 13:53 (1:30)a | 14:07 (1:28)a | 14:58 (0:57)b | 4.38 | 0.01 |
| 10:09–18:04 | 12:04–18:04 | 12:00–16:19 | 10:09–17:39 | 13:09–17:19 | |||
| Habitual smoking | 48 (23.3) | 9 (45.0)a | 4 (20.0)a,b | 35 (21.1)a,b | 2 (5.7)b | FET | 0.01 |
| Smoking on day of TSST | 28 (20.0) | 4 (28.6) | 2 (13.3) | 22 (19.8) | 2 (5.7) | FET | 0.12 |
| Current alcohol/substance abuse | 46 (22.1) | 9 (45.0)a | 3 (15.0)a,b | 34 (20.2)a | 0 (0.0)b | FET | <0.001 |
| Pre-task POMS (−10), M (SD) | 8.6 (20.9) | 13.2 (15.3)a,b | 27.0 (32.1)a | 5.7 (18.5)b | 3.5 (21.6)b | 7.59 | <0.001 |
| Change in POMS scores, post (15)—pre-task (−10), M (SD) | 9.3 (16.3) | 7.7 (24.2) | 8.3 (13.3) | 9.6 (15.5) | 3.4 (19.8) | 1.18 | 0.32 |
| Change in POMS scores, rest (40)—pre-task (−10), M (SD) | −2.5 (10.3) | −4.3 (12.1) | −3.5 (12.0) | −2.1 (9.9) | −5.4 (13.8) | 0.97 | 0.41 |
| Offspring treatment at the time of the TSST | |||||||
| Use of any medications, N (%) | 98 (47.1) | 9 (45.0)a | 14 (70.0)a | 75 (44.6)a | 0 (0.0)b | 32.45 | <0.001 |
| Psychotropic medication, N (%) | 44 (21.4) | 5 (25.0)a | 8 (40.0)a | 31 (18.7)a | 0 (0.0)b | FET | <0.001 |
| Non-psychotropic medication, N (%) | 70 (34.0) | 6 (30.0)a | 12 (60.0)a | 52 (31.3)a | 0 (0.0)b | 24.05 | <0.001 |
| Psychotherapy, N (%) | 61 (29.5) | 7 (36.8)a,b | 12 (60.0)b | 42 (25.0)a | 0 (0.0)c | FET | <0.001 |
| Proband lifetime psychiatric diagnoses | |||||||
| Bipolar disorderd, N (%) | 76 (36.9) | 11 (55.0)a | 9 (45.0)a | 56 (33.7)a | 0 (0.0)b | 23.27 | <0.001 |
| Suicide attempt, N (%) | 126 (60.6) | 15 (75.0)a | 16 (80.0)a | 95 (56.5)a | 0 (0.0)b | 49.82 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: NS, non-suicidal offspring; NSSI, non-suicidal self-injurious behavior; POMS, Profile of Mood States; SA, suicide attempt; SRB, suicide-related behavior.
a
M (SD), mean and SD.
b
Fisher's exact test; letters indicate post hoc comparisons where different letters represent significant post hoc differences and similar letters represent no post hoc differences.
c
Lower scores on the GAS reflect worse functional impairment.
d
Compared with unipolar. Similar to healthy controls, NS offspring had no previous history of NSSI; they also had lower rates of bipolar disorder compared with the SRB. Both NS and SA offspring were similar to healthy controls on their subjective ratings of mood before the task, which were lower than the scores in the SRB group.