Table 3. Overview Over Relevant Variables, Underlying Theoretical Assumptions, and Respective Insulin Effects.

Variable	Concept	Insulin effect
		Men	Women	All
Word-pair retention over sleep	Sleep-associated declarative memory consolidation	↔	↔	↔
Finger sequence tapping retention over sleep	Sleep-associated procedural memory consolidation	↔	↔	↔
Word-pair learning after sleep (retrieval minus encoding)	Sleep-associated re-establishment of learning capacity	(↓)	(↑)	(↓)
Finger sequence tapping learning after sleep	Sleep-associated re-establishment of learning capacity	↓	↓	↓
Growth hormone secretion during early sleep	Slow wave sleep-dependent increase in secretion	↑	↑	↑
EEG delta power (second 90 min of NonREM sleep)	Homeostatic reduction in delta power across sleep	↑	↔	↔

↔: No effect, ↑: enhancing/increasing effect, ↓: impairing/reducing effect; statistical trends are indicated by bracketed arrows. Note that differential effects in both sexes are only indicated when respective treatment × sex terms are significant.