Table 1. Main formulations of TRAIL based on nanoparticles.

Formulation	Type of platform	TRAIL location	Combined formulation	Main effects	Experimental testing	Ref.
TRAIL HSA-NPs	Human serum albumin NPs	Inside	—	Increased biological half-life Increased drug bioavailability Passive targeting	Pharmacokinetic studies in vivo	153
PEG-TRAIL microspheres	PLGA microspheres	Inside	—	Increased biological half-life Sustained delivery	Pharmacokinetic studies in vivo	152
				Increased antitumor activity Absence of side effects	Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	169
PEG-TRAIL/Dox microspheres	PLGA microspheres	Inside	Doxorubicin	Increased antitumor activity	CRC and prostate cell lines in vitro Tumor xenograft model (CRC and prostate) in vivo	151
TRAIL-PEG-NPs	PEGylated heparin and poly-l-lysine NPs	Inside	—	Increased biological half-life Increased antitumor activity Absence of side effects	Pharmacokinetic studies in vivo Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	154
ANG-CLP/PTX/pEGFP-hTRAIL	Angiopep-2 modifed cationic liposome	Inside (cDNA)	Placlitaxel	Sustained delivery Passive targeting Increased antitumor activity	GBM cell line in vitro Tumor xenograft model (GBM) in vivo	176
Liposomes	TRAIL-LPs	Inside	—	Increased antitumor activity	Tumor xenograft model (NSCLC) in vivo	175
					GBM cell line in vitro Tumor xenograft model (GBM) in vivo	173
			Doxorubicin	Passive targeting	NSCLC cell line in vitro	174
	LUV-TRAIL	Surface	—	Increased antitumor activity Absence of side effects	Leukemic, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell lines in vitro	172
				Increased DISC recruitment	Leukemic and lymphoma cell lines in vitro	67
				Increased antitumor activity	Leukemic cells in vitro and primary leukemic cells ex vivo	212
				Increased anti-inflammatory effect	Rheumatoid arthritis experimental model in vivo	171
			E-selectin	Increased antitumor activity	Tumor xenograft model (CTC) in vivo	178
	Immuno-LipoTRAIL	Surface	scFv α EGFR	Increased antitumor activity Active targeting	Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	177
	sTRAIL-targeted stealth liposomes	Surface	—	Improved pharmacokinetics Increased antitumor activity	Neuroblastoma orthotopic model in vivo	179
	Apo2L.0-LPs	Surface	—	Improved pharmacokinetics Increased antitumor activity	Multiple cell lines in vitro Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	213
Magnetic NPs-TRAIL	Magnetic ferric oxide NPs	Surface	—	Passive targeting Increased antitumor activity	GBM cell line in vitro Tumor xenograft model (GBM) in vivo	170
TRAIL/Tf/Dox HSA-NPs	Human serum albumin NPs with transferrin	Surface	Doxorubicin	Sustained delivery Active targeting Increased antitumor activity	CRC, pancreas and BC cell lines in vitro Tumor xenograft model (CRC) in vivo	168
TRAIL/Dox HSA-NPs	Human serum albumin NPs with transferrin	Surface	Doxorubicin	Sustained delivery Active targeting Increased antitumor activity	Lung carcinoma cell line in vitro Tumor xenograft model (lung carcinoma) in vivo	167

Abbreviations: ANG-CLP, angioprep-2 modified cationic liposome; BC, breast cancer; CRC, colorectal cancer; CTC, circulating tumor cell; Dox, doxorubicin; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HSA, human serum albumin; LPs, liposomes; NPs, nanoparticles; NSCLC, non small cell lung cancer; PEG, polyethylene glycol; pEGFP, plasmid enhanced green fluorescence protein; PLGA, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid; PTX, paclitaxel; scFv, single-chain variable fraction; Tf, transferrin.