Table 1. General characteristics in the low and high HOMA-IR groups (MIXED model estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals are given taking into account genetic similarity and shared environment (daughter and mother) and contrast estimates’ p-values were used to localize the significant differences between the two groups and group by generation interaction).
| low HOMA-IR (n = 55) |
high HOMA-IR (n = 55) |
p-value | Group by generation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | |||
| Anthropometry | ||||||
| Age (years) | 35.1 | (35.9, 36.3) | 36.0 | (35.0, 36.9) | 0.269 | 0.096 |
| Height (cm) | 165.7 | (163.9, 167.7) | 166.1 | (164.5, 167.6 ) | 0.837 | 0.562 |
| Weight (kg) | 61.3 | (58.4, 64.1) | 67.3 | (65.1, 69.5) | 0.001 | 0.604 |
| BMI (weight(kg)/height(m)2) | 22.3 | (21.4, 23.2) | 24.4 | (23.7, 25.1) | 0.002 | 0.497 |
| Body composition | ||||||
| Percent body fat | 29.5 | (27.3, 31.6) | 35.0 | (32.9, 37.1) | 0.001 | 0.209 |
| FFM (kg) | 40.6 | (39.3, 42.0) | 40.7 | (39.6, 41.8) | 0.944 | 0.417 |
| FM (kg) | 17.8 | (15.5, 20.1) | 23.7 | (21.9, 25.5) | 0.001 | 0.266 |
| VAT (kg) | 0.5 | (0.47, 0.62) | 0.7 | (0.59, 0.70) | 0.044 | 0.164 |
| Liver fat (%) | 2.5 | (0.9, 4.1 ) | 2.7 | (1.5, 4.0) | 0.787 | 0.577 |
| IMCL (%) | 0.2 | (0.16, 0.25) | 0.2 | (0.17, 0.23) | 0.796 | 0.261 |
| EMCL (%) | 0.2 | (0.15, 0.31) | 0.3 | (0.27, 0.39) | 0.068 | 0.925 |
| Metabolic biomarkers | ||||||
| fs-glucose (mmol/l) | 5.2 | (5.0, 5.4) | 5.5 | (5.3, 5.6) | 0.042 | 0.982 |
| fs-insulin (μU/ml) | 4.1 | (3.0, 5.1) | 9.9 | (9.0, 10.8) | <0.001 | 0.110 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.9 | (0.6, 1.2) | 2.4 | (2.2, 2.7) | <0.001 | 0.112 |
| Lipids | ||||||
| FFA (mmol/l) | 3.6 | (3.0, 4.2) | 4.0 | (3.5, 4.5) | 0.308 | 0.968 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 0.9 | (0.7, 1.0) | 1.1 | (1.0, 1.2) | 0.013 | 0.250 |
| Adipokines | ||||||
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 14.6 | (9.0, 20.2) | 27.4 | (23.1, 31.7) | 0.001 | 0.490 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 10.4 | (18.2, 20.6) | 10.1 | (8.4, 11.8) | 0.830 | 0.375 |
| Diet | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1840.0 | (1690, 1990) | 1780.0 | (1650, 1900) | 0.523 | 0.583 |
| Protein (E%) | 17.7 | (16.3, 18.8) | 18.3 | (17.3, 19.3) | 0.324 | 0.545 |
| Fat (E%) | 34.5 | (31.4, 36.0) | 32.3 | (30.1, 34.0) | 0.283 | 0.564 |
| Carbohydrates (E%) | 47.8 | (44.8, 49.5) | 49.4 | (46.4, 50.3) | 0.414 | 0.868 |
| Physical activity and fitness | ||||||
| LTPA (hours/week) | 4.5 | (3.8, 5.2) | 3.6 | (3.0, 4.1) | 0.049 | 0.466 |
| VO2max (ml/kg/min) | 41.1 | (36.8, 45.5) | 35.1 | (31.3, 38.9) | 0.042 | 0.540 |
FFM = fat-free mass; FM = fat mass; SAT = subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT = visceral adipose tissue; IMCL = intra-myocellular lipids; EMCL = extra-myocellular lipids; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test; Matsuda index = insulin sensitivity index; FFA = free fatty acids; E% = percentage of total energy intake; LTPA = leisure-time physical activity; VO2max = maximum oxygen uptake.