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. 2016 Apr 15;6:24462. doi: 10.1038/srep24462

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(a) 3D position track of MSMPMC actuator. The applied sinusoid AC voltage has 3.7 V initial amplitude and 1 Hz frequency. The measured temperature increased from 34.9 °C to 84.3 °C. (b) 3D motion of the MSMPMC tip line.