Table 1.
Association between the risk factors and postpartum hemorrhage among all deliveries
| Variable | No PPH (n = 1,081)a | Had PPH (n = 107)a | Crude OR (95 % CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parity | ||||||
| Primiparous | 301 (27.8) | 31 (29.0) | 0.97 (0.61–1.53) | 0.47 | 0.85 (0.49–1.44) | 0.30 |
| 2–4 | 545 (50.4) | 58 (54.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 5+ | 235 (21.7) | 18 (16.8) | 0.72 (0.42–1.25) | 0.64 (0.34–1.15) | ||
| Previous history of PPH | 47 (4.4) | 9 (8.4) | 2.02 (0.96–4.24) | 0.06 | 1.86 (0.81–4.26) | 0.16 |
| Gestation age at birth (weeks) | ||||||
| Preterm (<37) | 181 (16.7) | 16 (15.0) | 0.90 (0.51–1.58) | 0.76 | 0.80 (0.44–1.46) | 0.71 |
| Term (37–41) | 762 (70.5) | 75 (70.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Post term (>41) | 138 (12.8) | 16 (15.0) | 1.18 (0.67–2.08) | 1.07 (0.58–1.99) | ||
| Multiple pregnancy | 10 (0.9) | 4 (3.7) | 4.16 (1.28–13.50) | 0.02 | 2.26 (0.58–8.79) | 0.26 |
| Moderate-severe anemia in pregnancy | 121 (11.2) | 15 (14.0) | 1.14 (0.85–1.52) | 0.38 | 0.99 (0.72–1.35) | 0.97 |
| HIV positive | 98 (9.1) | 17 (15.9) | 1.89 (1.08–3.31) | 0.03 | 1.93 (1.06–3.50) | 0.04 |
| Cesarean-section birth | 50 (4.6) | 25 (23.4) | 6.29 (3.70–10.68) | <0.001 | 7.54 (4.11–13.81) | <0.001 |
| Labour induction/augmented | 42 (3.9) | 3 (2.8) | 0.71 (0.22–2.34) | 0.58 | ||
| Macrosomia ≥4000gm | 78(7.2) | 15(14.0) | 2.10(1.16–3.79) | 0.01 | 2.25(1.14–4.43) | 0.03 |
| No uterotonic at birth | 25 (2.3) | 6 (5.6) | 2.51(1.01–6.26) | 0.05 | 2.23 (0.80–6.21) | 0.14 |
| Additional uterotonic | 67 (6.2) | 15 (14.0) | ||||
| Episiotomy/Perineal tear | 133 (12.3) | 13 (12.1) | 0.99 (0.54–1.81) | 0.96 | 1.44 (0.71–2.94) | 0.32 |
Abbreviation: PPH Postpartum hemorrhage, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
a Values are given as numbers (percentages)