Table 2.
Summary of self-management characteristics and outcomes reported in included studies
| Self-management domain | Intervention outcomes by delivery format (number of studies)a | Sub-total | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education n=38 | Self-directed n=16 | Multifaceted n=21 | ||||||||
| + | ± | − | + | ± | − | + | ± | − | ||
| Inform | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| Activate | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| Collaborate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Inform and activate | 14 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 36 |
| Activate and collaborate | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Inform, activate and collaborate | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 21 |
| Sub-total | 24 | 11 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 75 |
+ all reported results are positive (improved outcomes), − all reported results are negative (no change or worsening outcomes), ± mixed results (a blend of improved, no change, or worsening outcomes)
aThe total is 75 because two studies did not provide sufficient detail to categorize the type of self-management support offered; one used education and achieved a positive result; one used education, self-directed guides, and counseling and achieved a positive result [62, 85]