Table 2.

Others clinical investigations.

AMNESIA

- Few questions to parents about age at the time of the first motor acquisitions (i.e., sitting alone, crawling, walking alone, first sentences), medical history, visual refraction disorder, difficulties with constructional manipulatory play, such as puzzles and Lego blocks following a model, and academic performances (arithmetic, reading) noted in the school reports.

- Geuze's questionnaire (2005)/for criteria A and B in DSM.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS

- A standard Wechsler measure of intelligence (WPPSI-R or WPPSI-III, WISC-III or WISC-IV).

- Visual constructional skills (Khos block design).

- Visual-spatial structuring (copying Rey's complex geometric figure).

- Beery's Visual-Motor Integration test with copying of 2D geometric graphic representations.

- A handwriting scale was also used to detect dysgraphia (de Ajuriaguerra) similar to BHK.

- Visual-spatial attention (bell-crossing test Odédys).

- Visual perception using form recognition tasks (Frostig), tangled lines and visual gnosia with outlines of animals, outlines of muddled fruits.

- Kinaesthetic perception (with status memory test assessed by positioning the child's arm and finger and asking him with eyes closed to remember and repeat.

- Auditory memory and working memory tasks (digit span).

- Visuo-spatial memory (Rey's complex geometric figure).

- Mental planning executive functions (Porteus Labyrinth and Tower of London test).

- Language screening battery (Odédys, Neel) included tasks of reading, repetition of words, and logatoms, picture-naming speed, meta-phonological tests.

NEUROVISUAL EXAMINATION

- Electro-retinogram (ERG).

- Visually evoked potentials (VEP).

- Motor electro-oculogram (vertical and horizontal pursuits).

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

- Anatomical MRI was performed with a 1.5 Tesla (Signa General Electric).

All test scores were standardized following authors' scoring guidelines and developmental norms.