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. 2016 Apr 15;7:508. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00508

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Copyright © 2016 Kettles and Kanyuka.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Molecular events in the Zymoseptoria tritici–wheat interaction. (a) Fungal PAMP chitin is recognized by the host receptors Chitin Elicitor Binding Protein (CEBiP) and Chitin Elicitor Receptor Kinase 1 (CERK1), triggering MAP kinase cascades and immune activation. Multi-functional LysM-domain containing effector Mg3LysM scavenges chitin to suppress immunity and protects fungal hyphae from wheat chitinases. (b) ‘Necrotrophic’ effectors, Necrosis-Inducing Protein 1/2 (ZtNIP1/2), induce host cell death via an unknown mechanism. (c) Stb gene-specified resistance presumably triggered following recognition of cognate fungal effectors (AvrStb) secreted into the apoplast. This results in arrest of pathogen growth via an unknown mechanism that does not involve HR. (d) The Necrosis and Ethylene-Inducing Peptide 1 (NEP1)-like effector protein MgNLP has an unknown function(s) during wheat infection, but triggers cell death in dicotyledonous plants. Unknown effectors – Z. tritici effectors predicted from bioinformatic analyses.