Fig. 1A.

Schematic illustration of direct and indirect endothelial damage. The former is characterised by viral endothelial invasion, upregulation of adhesion molecules, generation of reactive oxygen species and varied cytokine and chemokine responses. The latter encompasses continued viral invasion, generation of an inflammatory cascade that leads to a vicious circle of endothelial injury, activation and remodelling, culminating in thrombosis and occlusion.