Table 2.
Analysis of in vitro cardiac tissue models and the corresponding mechanical, electrophysiological, and biological outcomes.
| Characteristics | Outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Platform | Cell Type | Materials | Coating | Mechanical | Beat Rate (bpm) | Biological | |
| Micropatterning | Surface topography | nrCM | PVC cover slips | Fibronectin [45] | * | + | |
| nrCM | PDMS | Laminin [46] | * | ++ | |||
| nrCM | Polyurethane, polystyrene | [47] | 15-50 | + | |||
| nmCM | PDMS | Fibronectin, laminin, collagen I [48] | * | ++ | |||
| Microcontact printing | nrCM | Polyacrylamide | Laminin, Matrigel [54] | Young's modulus 5-35 kPa | * | ++ | |
| nrCM | Alginate | Fibronectin [56] | Young's modulus 57 kPa | 60-240 (pacing) | ++ | ||
| nrCM | PDMS, Stretch device | Collagen [57] | * | + | |||
| nrCM | Polystyrene | Chitosan [58] | * | ++ | |||
| nrCM | PDMS | Hyaluronic acid, fibronectin [59] | 60-100 | + | |||
| nmCM | Glass, photoresist | [60] | * | ++ | |||
| hESC-CM, hiPSC-CM | Polyacrylamide | Gelatin [63] | Contractile stress 0.2-0.5 mN/mm2 | 60-180 (pacing) | ++ | ||
| hESC-CM | Polyacrylamide | Laminin [64] | Elastic modulus 15-35 kPa | 50 | ++ | ||
| Microfabrication | Microposts | hESC-CM, nrCM | Silicone post racks | Fibrin, Matrigel [80] | Contractile force 100-300 μN | 300 | ++ |
| nrCM hiPSC-CM | PDMS | Collagen, fibrinogen [81, 82] | Contractile force 2-6 μN | 33-60 | ++ | ||
| hESC-CM | PDMS posts | Collagen, Matrigel [83] | Contractile force 0.3 mN | 70 | ++ | ||
| hESC-CM, nrCM | PDMS posts | Collagen, Matrigel [84] | * | ++ | |||
| hESC-CM | PDMS posts | Fibrin [85] | Contractile force 2 mN | * | ++ | ||
| hESC-CM | PDMS posts, patch | Fibrin, Matrigel [86] | Contractile force 3 mN | 60-180 (pacing) | ++ | ||
| Perfusion Bioreactor | nrCM | Poly(glycerol sebacate), channels | Laminin | Elastic modulus 34.55±1.26 kPa, Pore size 75-150 μm | 180 (pacing) | ++ | |
| Biowires | hESC-CM | PDMS | Collagen [93, 94] | Conduction velocity 11-16 cm/s, Young's modulus 1-6 kPa | 60-360 (pacing) | ++ | |
| Two-photon polymerization | hiPSC-CM, Long QT3 syndrome | Filamentous matrix | Fibronectin [92] | Maximal contraction velocity 15-25 μm/s | 90 | ++ | |
| S syst | nrCM, hESC-CM, hiPSC-CM, Barth syndrome | PDMS, PIPAAm | Fibronectin Gelatin [96, 97, 99,100] | Young's modulus 1.52 MPa, Systolic stress 15-20 kPa, Diastolic stress 8.0 kPa | 120 (pacing) | ++ | |
| hiPSC-CM | PDMS | Fibronectin [102] | Average contraction velocity 3 μm/s | 55 - 80 | ++ | ||
nrCM Neonatal rat CMs
nmCM Neonatal mouse CMs
hESC-CM Human embryonic stem cell-derived CMs
hiPSC-CM Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs
Beat rate Beat per minute (BPM);
*
Spontaneous contractions reported without beat rate
+
Indications of CMs are limited to: cell alignment and elongation, morphological assessment, genetic assessment
++
Indications of CMs include: sarcomeres, functional gap junctions, appropriate responses to drug treatments, as well as indications from ‘+’