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VPA increases the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP in embryo tissues. Western blot analysis for cleaved PARP (A) and cleaved caspase-3 (B) protein in embryonic head (i), heart (ii), and trunk (iii) tissues following maternal administration of VPA (500 mg/kg) for 1, 3, 6, and 24 h. Expression was normalized to the β-actin loading control. * indicates a significant difference from saline-treated controls (p < 0.05).
