. 2014 Sep 12;141(1):103–111. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu110

TABLE 1. Human Exposure Concentrations and (No) Effect Concentrations for Inhibition of VGCCs of Endosulfan, Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos (in μM) with the Estimated Margin of Exposure^a.

Insecticide	Human occupational exposure		(No) effect concentrations for VGCC inhibition			Margin of exposure^b
	Concentration	Estimated from	IC₅₀	IC₂₀	NOEC
α-cypermethrin	0.0010–0.0037	Internal daily dose from urinary metabolite^c	0.239	0.03	0.01	2.7–9.7
Chlorpyrifos	0.0071–0.1520	Absorbed daily dose from urinary metabolite^d	0.899	0.08	0.01	0.07–1.4
Endosulfan	1.3371	Blood serum^e	0.25	0.12	0.01	0.007

^aRisk estimates presented here did not take into account possible detoxification or bioactivation pathways that may influence the risk assessment.

^bMargin of exposure: NOEC/exposure concentration; NOEC, no-observed-effect concentration.

^cSingleton et al., 2014.

^dPhung et al., 2012.

^eDalvie et al., 2009.

TABLE 1. Human Exposure Concentrations and (No) Effect Concentrations for Inhibition of VGCCs of Endosulfan, Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos (in μM) with the Estimated Margin of Exposurea.