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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Hypertension. 2016 Mar 14;67(5):802–807. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06967

Table 1.

Scientific Challenges in Sex Differences Research on CVD

Assumptions about the difficulty of studying both sexes

  • Identify the sex-biased protective factors that account for the sex difference in incidence or progression of CVD

Choosing appropriate experimental models to study sex differences

  • Determine the conditions under which the male’s pathophysiology does not occur

  • Study females to advance our understanding of disease in males

  • Validate preclinical models used for sex differences research

Consideration of age to optimize research on sex differences in CVD

  • Use both males and females to study CVD

  • Improve access to aging animal colonies of both sexes

Sample size and statistical analysis of sex differences

  • Analyze experimental data by two-way ANOVA

  • Determine the best practices for statistical evaluation of sex-by-treatment interactions for basic science investigations