Table 1.

Effects of addictive drugs on proliferation, differentiation and survival of adult NSPCs

Drugs	Organism	Paradigm	Effects			References
			Proliferation	Neuronal differentiation	Survival
Morphine and heroin	Rat	In vivo, acute	–			[36]
		In vivo, chronic	↓		↓
Morphine	Mouse	In vivo, chronic	↓			[45]
Morphine	Mouse	In vivo, chronic	↓			[69]
Buprenorphine	Mouse	In vitro, chronic	↓		↑	[75]
Morphine	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓	↓		[76]
		In vivo, withdrawal	↑
Morphine	Mouse	In vivo, acute	–			[77]
		In vivo, chronic	↓
Morphine	Mouse	In vitro, chronic	↓	↓		[78]
Opioid receptor antagonists	Rat	In vitro, chronic	↓	↑		[79]
Morphine	Mouse	In vitro, chronic	↑	↓	–	[23, 51]
		In vivo, chronic		↓
Fentanyl	Mouse	In vitro, chronic	↑	–
Opioids	Rat	In vitro, chronic	↑			[84]
Cocaine	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓			[22]
		In vivo, withdrawal	↑	↑
Cocaine	Rat	In vivo, acute	–			[40, 58]
		In vivo, chronic	↓		–
Cocaine	Rat	In vivo, acute	↓			[91]
		In vivo, chronic	↓		–
Cocaine	Human	In vivo, chronic			↓	[92]
Cocaine	Rat	In vivo, acute	–	–		[93]
		In vivo, chronic	↓	–
		In vivo, withdrawal	↓		↓
Cocaine	Rat	In vivo, withdrawal	↓			[94]
Cocaine	Rat	In vitro, chronic	↓			[95]
AEA	Rat	In vitro and in vivo, chronic		↓		[43]
Cannabidiol	Mouse	In vivo, chronic	↓		↑	[66]
Δ9-THC	Mouse	In vivo, chronic	–		–	[66, 67]
HU210	Rat	In vivo, chronic	–	–		[68]
CB2 agonists	Mouse	In vitro and in vivo, chronic	↑			[71]
HU210 and AEA	Rat	In vitro and in vivo, chronic	↑	↑	–	[104]
Endocannabinoids	Rat	In vitro and in vivo, chronic		↓		[106]
Cannabichromene	Mouse	In vitro, chronic		↑		[107]
WIN 55,212-2	Rat	In vivo, chronic	–			[108]
Endocannabinoids	Mouse	In vitro and in vivo, chronic	↑			[109]
Methamphetamine	Rat	In vivo, acute	↑	↑		[21]
Methamphetamine	Gerbil	In vivo, chronic	↓			[38]
Methamphetamine	Rat	In vitro, chronic	↓			[39]
		In vivo, chronic	↓	↓	↓
Methamphetamine	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓			[62]
		In vivo, withdrawal	↑		↑
Amphetamine	Rat	In vivo, acute	–			[110]
Amphetamine	Rat	In vivo, chronic	–		–	[111]
		In vivo, withdrawal
Amphetamine	Mouse	In vivo, chronic	–	↑	↑	[112]
Methamphetamine	Rat	In vitro, chronic	↓	–	↓	[113]
Nicotine	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓			[61]
Nicotine	Rat	In vivo, chronic		↑		[63]
Nicotine	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓		↓	[114]
Nicotine	Rat	In vivo, acute	–			[115]
Nicotine	Rat	In vivo, chronic		↓	↓	[116]
Alcohol	Mouse	In vivo, chronic	↓	↓		[64]
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, acute	↓			[70]
		In vivo, chronic	↓		↓
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓			[108]
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, chronic			↓	[119]
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓			[120]
		In vivo, withdrawal	↑
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↑			[121]
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓			[122]
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓		↓	[123]
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, acute	↓		↓	[124]
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, chronic	↓			[125]
Alcohol	Mouse	In vivo, chronic	↓			[126]
Alcohol	Rat	In vivo, chronic			↓	[127]
MDMA	Rat	In vivo, chronic			↓	[127]
MDMA	Mouse	In vivo, chronic	↓			[129]
Methylphenidate	Rat	In vivo, chronic	–			[130]
		In vivo, withdrawal			↓

–, no significant change; ↑, up-regulation; ↓, down-regulation