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. 2016 Mar 16;17:17–31. doi: 10.1007/s10969-016-9202-4

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 11 — Top A simplified illustration to show DNA-breathing, a concerted dynamical process within premeltons that combines base-pair unstacking with the transient-rupture of hydrogen-bonds connecting base-pairs. Bottom Echinomycin is an example of a bifunctional-intercalator, having two quinoxaline ring-systems separated by 10.2 Angstroms connected through amide-linkages to a rigid octapeptide-chain. The stereochemistry of this naturally occurring DNA-binding antibiotic necessitates both quinoxaline ring-systems be able to intercalate simultaneously into neighboring high-energy beta-structural elements, and for this reason, is a valuable probe to understand the detailed stereochemistry of DNA-breathing [44, 45]