Table 2.
Comparison of Bacteria Between Conventional Cultivation Methods and 16S rDNA Sequencing Analysis in the Bacterial Infection Group
| Age | Pneumonia type | Sputum | BALF | Prior antibiotics | Treatments | Clinical outcome | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Culture | Culture | Clone library analysis | |||||||
| Predominant phylotype, % | S. aureus | ||||||||
| GROUP A | |||||||||
| 1 | 72 | HAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Staphylococcus aureus 97.5 % | 97.5 % | ABK | VCM | ineffective |
| 2 | 70 | VAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Staphylococcus aureus 91.8 % | 91.8 % | None | TEIC | effective |
| 3 | 78 | HAP | MRSA | MRSA | Staphylococcus aureus 91.0 % | 91.0 % | None | ABK | effective |
| 4 | 77 | HCAP | MRSA | MRSA | Staphylococcus aureus 53.1 % | 51.8 % | IPM/CS MINO | BIPM, PZFX + CLDM, CZOP + ABK | ineffective |
| 5 | 65 | HAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Staphylococcus aureus 50.0 % | 50.0 % | MEPM | MEPM+VCM | effective |
| 6 | 76 | HAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Corynebacterium simulans 41.9 % | 8.1 % | None | VCM | ineffective |
| 7 | 61 | HAP | S. pneumoniae MRSA | MRSA | Haemophilus influenzae 35.3 % | 3.5 % | MEPM | MEPM + VCM | effective |
| 8 | 87 | HAP | MRSA | MRSA | Corynebacterium spp. 97.8 % | 2.2 % | SBT/ABPC | TEIC | effective |
| 9 | 66 | HAP | not analyzed | H. influenzae, MRSA | Haemophilus influenzae 84.0 % | 1.1 % | None | IPM/CS + VCM SBT/ABPC | effective |
| 10 | 82 | VAP | not analyzed | MRSA P. aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa 94.6 % | 0.0 % | IPM/CS | PZFX+VCM | ineffective |
| 11 | 61 | HCAP | not analyzed | MRSA, Aspergillus fumigatus | Streptococcus spp. 90.7 % | 0.0 % | DRPM | DPPM PZFX + CLDM/L-AMB + VCM/TAZ/PIPC | ineffective |
| 12 | 91 | HAP | MRSA | MRSA | Streptococcus oralis 58.5 % | 0.0 % | MEPM | LZD | effective |
| 13 | 87 | HAP | not analyzed | MRSA, Neisseria | Neisseria perflava 95.5 % | 0.0 % | TEIC | TEIC, AMK | effective |
| GROUP B | |||||||||
| 14 | 81 | HAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Staphylococcus aureus 100 % | 100.0 % | None | DRPM | effective |
| 15 | 21 | VAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Staphylococcus aureus 88.6 % | 88.6 % | None | MEPM | effective |
| 16 | 73 | CAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Staphylococcus aureus 60.8 % | 60.8 % | None | GRX | effective |
| 17 | 76 | HCAP | MRSA P. aeruginosa | MSSA | Staphylococcus aureus 57.1 % | 57.1 % | None | TAZ/PIPC | ineffective |
| 18 | 81 | HCAP | MRSA P. aeruginosa | no growth | Staphylococcus aureus 55.4 % | 55.4 % | None | CZOP + CLDM | effective |
| 19 | 62 | CAP | MRSA | MRSA | Staphylococcus aureus 48.7 % | 48.7 % | FQ | CPFX | effective |
| 20 | 80 | HAP | MRSA | MRSA | Streptococcus intermedius 56.5 % | 40.6 % | None | DRPM | effective |
| 21 | 76 | HAP | MRSA | MRSA | Corynebacterium spp. 25.3 % | 18.4 % | TAZ/PIPC | SBT/ABPC | effective |
| 22 | 22 | HAP | not analyzed | MRSA, A. baumannii | Neisseria elongata 81.2 % | 15.1 % | TEIC | IPM/CS | effective |
| 23 | 81 | HCAP | MRSA | MRSA | Streptococcus spp. 46.7 % | 12.0 % | None | LVFX | effective |
| 24 | 85 | HAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Streptococcus oralis/mitis 37.3 % | 8.0 % | CPFX | LVFX | effective |
| 25 | 83 | HCAP | MRSA, E. coli | MRSA, E. coli | Moraxella catarrhalis 69.2 % | 7.7 % | None | TAZ/PIPC | effective |
| 26 | 76 | HAP | not analyzed | K. pneumoniae, MRSA, Proteus mirabilis | Corynebacterium simulans 58.4 % | 1.3 % | None | TAZ/PIPC | effective |
| 27 | 85 | HAP | MRSA | MRSA | Fusobacterium nucleatum 55.7 % | 0.0 % | None | LVFX | effective |
| 28 | 61 | HCAP | not analyzed | MRSA, B. cepacia, F. mortiferum | Rothia spp. 45.2 % | 0.0 % | None | MEPM | effective |
| 29 | 45 | HAP | not analyzed | S. maltophilia, MRSA | Enterococcus hirae 25.8 % | 0.0 % | None | MEPM | effective |
| 30 | 74 | HCAP | P. aeruginosa MRSA | P. aeruginosa, MRSA | Streptococcus salivarius 43.0 % | 0.0 % | None | MEPM | effective |
| 31 | 80 | HCAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Streptococcus spp. 98.9 % | 0.0 % | Unknown | LVFX | effective |
| 32 | 80 | HCAP | not analyzed | MRSA | Streptococcus spp. 97.4 % | 0.0 % | Unknown | LVFX | effective |
| 33 | 98 | HCAP | MRSA | not analyzed | Streptococcus spp. 78.8 % | 0.0 % | Unknown | TAZ/PIPC | effective |
| 34 | 80 | HCAP | MRSA | oral bacteria | Neisseria spp. 55.0 % | 0.0 % | LVFX | MEPM | effective |
| 35 | 82 | HCAP | not analyzed | P. aeruginosa, MRSA, Streptococcus | Streptococcus oralis/mitis 70.7 % | 0.0 % | Unknown | SBT/ABPC | effective |
| 36 | 64 | HCAP | not analyzed | P. aeruginosa, MRSA | Pseudomonas aeruginosa 97.4 % | 0.0 % | None | TAZ/PIPC + LVFX | effective |
| 37 | 86 | HCAP | MRSA | K. pneumoniae, MRSA | Lactobacillus spp. 51.1 % | 0.0 % | None | TAZ/PIPC | effective |
| 38 | 80 | HCAP | E. coli, MRSA | oral bacteria | Streptococcus spp. 45.2 % | 0.0 % | None | TAZ/PIPC | effective |
| 39 | 93 | HCAP | not analyzed | MRSA, oral bacteria | Corynebacterium spp. 94.3 % | 0.0 % | None | LVFX | effective |
| 40 | 81 | HAP | not analyzed | MRSA, E. coli | Haemophilus influenzae 34.5 % | 0.0 % | None | TAZ/PIPC | effective |
| 41 | 73 | HAP | not analyzed | Enterobacter cloacae, MRSA | Enterobacter asburiae 70.0 % | 0.0 % | None | DRPM | effective |
| 42 | 74 | HAP | MRSA | Corynebacterium, MRSA | Corynebacterium simulans 98.9 % | 0.0 % | TAZ/PIPC | TAZ/PIPC | effective |
Abbreviations: CAP community-acquired pneumonia, healthcare-associated pneumonia, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, BALF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, ABK arbekacin, VCM vancomycin, TEIC teicoplanin, LZD linezolid, IPM/CS imipenem/cilastatin, MEPM meropenem, DRPM doripenem, BIPM biapenem, CZOP cefozopran, SBT/ABPC sulbactam/ampicillin, TAZ/PIPC tazobactam/piperacillin, CPFX ciprofloxacin, LVFX levofloxacin, GRNX garenoxacin, MINO minomycin, CLDM clindamycin, L-AMB liposomal amphotericin B, NA not applicable