Table 2.

Clinical studies utilizing MSCs for skeletal tissue repair & regeneration

Type of Repair	Studied By	Patients	Cell type	Delivery route	Outcomes
Thoraco-lumbar spine fracture	Faundez et al., 2006 [131]	4	Autologous bone marrow aspirate seeded on MCM coated with hydroxyapatite	Surgical implantation	Both visual and histological analysis confirmed replacement of resorbable matrix with new bone
Mandibular defects	Ueda et al., 2008 [116]	14	3.5 ml of mixture of PRP, MSCs (1.0 × 107cells/ml), 500 μl of thrombin/calcium chloride mixture	Injectable bone grafts via syringes	Successful induction of new bone occurred and osseointegration within short period of time that can reduce the burden of patients
Posterior spinal defects	Gan et al., 2008 [127]	41	MSC suspension	-	Evaluation of patients after 34.5 months showed results of satisfactory spinal in 95.1 % cases
Degenerative disc defects	Orozco et al., 2011 [133]	10	Autologous MSCs	Intra-articular injection	In addition to safety and clinical efficacy, MSCs therapy rapidly settled low back pain and disability with intact normal biomechanics
Anterior maxillary cleft defects	Behnia et al., 2012 [124]	3	MSCs mounted on biphasic scaffolds with PDGF	Surgical implantation	Computed tomography scans showed 51.3 % fill of the bone defect calculated 3 months post-operation
Knee cartilage defects	Lee et al., 2012 [105]	70	Combination of Arthroscopic microfracture, MSCs and hyaluronic acid	Intra-articular injections	Final follow up of 24.5 months revealed considerable improvements in Lysholm knee scale, mean IKDC and visual analog pain scores. Advantages included minimal invasiveness and validated safety
Intertrochanteric Hip fractures	Torres et al., 2014 [115]	15	Autologous bone marrow stem cells concentrate	Surgical implantation	Weight bearing ability of hip and femur improved after 90 days

IKDC international knee documentation committee, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, PDGF platelet derived growth factor, PRP platelet rich plasma, MCM mineralized collagen matrix