Table 5.
Factors associated with childhood stunting in Ethiopia by multilevel logistic regression analysis, EDHS 2011
| Variables | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| AOR(95 % CI) | AOR(95 % CI) | AOR(95 % CI) | |
| Individual level factors | |||
| Child factors | |||
| Child’s age(months) | |||
| 0–11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 12–23 | 4.13(3.23–5.27) | 4.12(3.22–5.26) | |
| 24–35 | 6.47(5.07–8.25) | 6.61(5.17–8.44) | |
| 36–47 | 6.37(5.00–8.10) | 6.44(5.10–8.20) | |
| 48–59 | 5.58(4.38–7.12) | 5.65(4.43–7.21) | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Male | 1.20(1.08–1.37) | 1.20(1.08–1.33) | |
| Immunization | |||
| Complete | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Incomplete | 1.01(0.76–1.34) | 1.01(0.76–1.34) | |
| Anemia | |||
| Non-anemic | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Mild | 1.36(1.18–1.56) | 1.43(1.24–1.64) | |
| Moderate | 1.64(1.42–1.89) | 1.76(1.52–2.03) | |
| Severe | 2.93(2.14–4.01) | 3.23(2.35–4.43) | |
| Maternal/household factors | |||
| Mother’s age (years) | |||
| 15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 25–34 | 0.95(0.82–1.10) | 0.96(0.83–1.11) | |
| 35–49 | 0.92(0.76–1.10) | 0.93(0.77–1.12) | |
| Maternal education | |||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Primary | 0.88(0.76–1.02) | 0.90(0.78–1.04) | |
| Secondary | 0.64(0.41–1.01) | 0.70(0.44–1.10) | |
| Higher | 0.43(0.19–0.97) | 0.42(0.18–0.94) | |
| Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| <18.5 | 1.08(0.95–1.22) | 1.13(1.00–1.28) | |
| > = 25.0 | 0.65(0.49–0.85) | 0.69(0.52–0.90) | |
| Birth interval | |||
| <24 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| > = 24 months | 1.72(1.50–1.98) | 1.68(1.46–1.93) | |
| Number of under five children | |||
| One | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Two | 0.88(0.77–1.01) | 0.90(0.79–1.03) | |
| Three | 0.88(0.73–1.06) | 0.95(0.79–1.14) | |
| Four | 0.79(0.58–1.19) | 0.90(0.61–1.33) | |
| Head of household | |||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Male | 1.14(0.98–1.32) | 1.18(1.01–1.38) | |
| Father’s education level | |||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Primary | 0.98(0.87–1.11) | 0.98(0.87–1.12) | |
| Secondary | 0.64(0.49–0.85) | 0.74(0.56–0.99) | |
| Higher | 0.50(0.33–0.76) | 0.58(0.38–0.89) | |
| Family size | |||
| ≤4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 5–7 | 1.03(0.88–1.20) | 1.03(0.88–1.20) | |
| 8–10 | 1.05(0.86–1.27) | 1.05(0.86–1.28) | |
| ≥11 | 1.21(0.86–1.71) | 1.20(0.84–1.70) | |
| Wealth index | |||
| Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Richer | 1.74(1.39–2.17) | 1.46(1.12–1.90) | |
| Middle | 1.57(1.25–1.98) | 1.24(0.94–1.64) | |
| Poorer | 1.82(1.45–2.29) | 1.42(1.08–1.88) | |
| Poorest | 1.73(1.39–2.17) | 1.43(1.08–1.89) | |
| Community level factors | |||
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Rural | 1.79(1.49–2.16) | 1.18(0.88–1.60) | |
| Poverty rate | |||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| High | 1.02(0.88–1.20) | 1.01(0.84–1.23) | |
| Region | |||
| Dire Dawa | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Tigray | 1.63(1.23–2.16) | 1.58(1.09–2.29) | |
| Affar | 1.65(1.23–2.21) | 1.27(0.86–1.86) | |
| Amhara | 1.62(1.23–2.15) | 1.50(1.04–2.17) | |
| Oromiya | 1.01(0.77–1.32) | 1.13(0.79–1.62) | |
| Somali | 0.80(0.59–1.09) | 0.68(0.46–1.01) | |
| Benishangul-Gumuz | 1.49(1.11–2.01) | 1.71(1.16–2.52) | |
| SNNP | 1.17(0.89–1.54) | 1.43(1.00–2.06) | |
| Gambela | 0.57(0.47–0.78) | 0.57(0.37–0.86) | |
| Harari | 0.73(0.52–1.01) | 0.72(0.46–1.12) | |
| Addis Ababa | 0.78(0.53–1.14) | 1.03(0.57–1.83) | |
| Improved latrine facility | |||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| No | 1.27(1.07–1.51) | 1.26(1.01–1.59) | |
| Drinking water supply | |||
| Piped water | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Other improved | 1.13(0.97–1.32) | 1.03(0.85–1.25) | |
| Unimproved | 1.06(0.87–1.29) | 1.04(0.87–1.24) |
Model 1 is empty model, 1.00 = reference