TABLE 2.
Misuse of Prescription Opioids in Past 12 Months at Follow-Ups 1 to 3 as a Function of 12th Grade Characteristics: Relative Risk Ratios and 95% CIs
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative Risk | 95% CI | Relative Risk | 95% CI | |
| Legitimate use of prescription opioids by 12th grade | 1.33* | 1.04–1.7 | ||
| Lifetime marijuana use occasions by 12th grade | ||||
| None (reference) | ||||
| 1–2 | 1.44 | 0.98–2.12 | 1.43 | 0.97–2.11 |
| 3–5 | 1.31 | 0.83–2.08 | 1.31 | 0.83–2.08 |
| 6–9 | 2.18** | 1.40–3.37 | 2.21** | 1.43–3.43 |
| 10–19 | 2.73** | 1.87-3.99 | 2.74** | 1.88-3.99 |
| 20–39 | 2.52** | 1.66–3.82 | 2.56** | 1.69–3.89 |
| 40+ | 2.83** | 2.02–3.96 | 2.92** | 2.09–4.08 |
| Cigarette smoking history by 12th grade | ||||
| Never (reference) | ||||
| Once or twice | 1.56** | 1.14–2.13 | 1.56** | 1.15–2.13 |
| Occasionally but not regularly | 1.75** | 1.26–2.42 | 1.73** | 1.25–2.4 |
| Regularly in the past | 2.09** | 1.41–3.11 | 2.08** | 1.4–3.09 |
| Regularly now | 1.78** | 1.25–2.52 | 1.78** | 1.26–2.52 |
| Lifetime prescription opioids misuse occasions by 12th grade | ||||
| None (reference) | ||||
| 1–2 | 2.21** | 1.59–3.07 | 1.97** | 1.4–2.77 |
| 3–5 | 3.00** | 1.94–4.61 | 2.8** | 1.83–4.29 |
| 6–9 | 3.36** | 2.17–5.20 | 3.2** | 2.06–4.96 |
| 10–19 | 3.71** | 2.35–5.85 | 3.58** | 2.26–5.65 |
| 20–39 | 6.07** | 3.3–11.17 | 5.88** | 3.19–10.8 |
| 40+ | 4.94** | 2.97–8.22 | 4.63** | 2.79–7.67 |
| Lifetime misuse prescription barbiturates/sedatives occasions by 12th grade | ||||
| None (reference) | ||||
| 1–2 | 1.63* | 1.00–2.64 | 1.63* | 1.01–2.65 |
| 3–5 | 1.96** | 1.18–3.27 | 1.97** | 1.19–3.26 |
| 6–9 | 1.5 | 0.82–2.76 | 1.57 | 0.85–2.89 |
| 10–19 | 2.52* | 1.17–5.42 | 2.56* | 1.2–5.45 |
| 20–39 | 2.86** | 1.57–5.21 | 2.93** | 1.61–5.33 |
| 40+ | 1.03 | 0.53–2 | 1.04 | 0.53–2.01 |
| Binge drinking in last 2 wk | ||||
| None (reference) | ||||
| Once | 1.16 | 0.87–1.56 | 1.16 | 0.86–1.55 |
| Twice | 1.05 | 0.76–1.44 | 1.05 | 0.77–1.44 |
| 3–5 | 1.44* | 1.05–1.96 | 1.44* | 1.06–1.97 |
| 6–9 | 0.80 | 0.46–1.37 | 0.83 | 0.48–1.42 |
| 10+ | 0.87 | 0.43–1.74 | 0.86 | 0.42–1.74 |
| Disapproval of regular marijuana use | ||||
| Don’t disapprove (reference) | ||||
| Disapprove | 0.72* | 0.56–0.93 | 0.72* | 0.56–0.93 |
| Strongly disapprove | 0.52** | 0.39–0.69 | 0.52** | 0.39–0.69 |
| Women | 1.2 | 0.99–1.46 | 1.2 | 0.99–1.46 |
| Average course marks in 12th grade | 0.94* | 0.89–0.99 | 0.95* | 0.9–1 |
| Racial/ethnic minority | 0.61** | 0.47–0.79 | 0.62** | 0.48–0.8 |
| Parent with college degree | 1.24* | 1.03–1.49 | 1.23* | 1.02–1.48 |
| Constant | 0.03** | 0.02–0.04 | 0.03** | 0.02–0.04 |
Variables that did not significantly contribute to this model include school truancy, no. evenings out per week, 2-parent household, age at survey, perceived risk of regular marijuana use, no. occasions misuse of prescription amphetamines and prescription tranquilizers, and no. occasions lifetime cocaine use. Model 2 adds to model 1 the 1 variable “legitimate use of prescription opioids by 12th grade.” CI, confidence interval. *P < .01; **P < .05.