Table 1.

Available validated tools for assessing Patient Engagement.

Tool	Description
Patient Activation Measure (PAM) (56)	An interval-level, unidimensional Guttman-like measure with 22 (long version) or 13 (short version) items measuring self-assessed knowledge about chronic conditions, beliefs about illness and medical care, and self-efficacy for self-care. The PAM focused on physical conditions, and it was designed to measure activation as a broad construct
Health Confident Measure (HCM) (57)	A scale from 1 (low confidence) to 10 (high confidence). Used to determine a patient’s level of engagement and develop an individualized approach to managing care
Patient Health Engagement (PHE) Scale (54)	A 7-point, 5-item scale measuring patient engagement. According to the PHE model’s process view of patient engagement, individuals may be differentially engaged in one out of four levels of engagement – blackout, arousal, adhesion, and eudaimonic project – according to their emotional, cognitive, and behavioral mindset