Figure 1. Photographs of SPHELAR devices.

(a) The series connected spherical silicon solar cells molded in transparent resin with 3.2 mm of diameter (SPHELAR, Kyosemi co. ltd.), the three series of silicon (3PVs, upper) and four series of silicon (4PVs, bottom), whose lengths of the body were approximately 0.7 and 0.9 cm, respectively, (b) the stand-alone module of 3PVs with electrocatalysts of minimized surface area. Scale: mm, and (c) schematic diagrams for SPHELAR module.