Table 1.
Demographic and metabolic characteristics and presence of subclinical disease by categories of liver attenuation coefficient < or ≥ 40 HU at baseline in individuals without diabetes and without self-reported liver disease.
| ≥40 HU | < 40 HU | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 4281 (94.5) | 248 (5.5) | p value |
| Sex, % females | 52.9 | 49.6 | 0.3 |
| Age, years | 62.7 (0.2) | 59.1 (0.7) | <0.0001 |
| Race | <0.0001 | ||
| White | 42.7 | 37.5 | |
| Chinese | 12.2 | 10.9 | |
| African American | 24.2 | 12.5 | |
| Hispanics | 20.9 | 39.1 | |
| Education, % | 83.2 | 77.8 | 0.02 |
| Current Smoker, % | 12.2 | 12.1 | 1.0 |
| HTN, % | 44.38 | 48.79 | 0.2 |
| Low eGFR, % | 9.7 | 7.3 | 0.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.8 (0.1) | 31.9 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg |
131.3 (0.3) | 136.9 (1.4) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg |
71.7 (0.1) | 74.2 (0.6) | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.8 (0.2) | 46.2 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 126.5 (1.2) | 170.3 (4.9) | <0.0001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 89.3 (0.2) | 96.3 (0.6) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR, (mU/L*mmol/dL/22.5) |
2.06 (0.02) | 3.72 (0.08) | <0.0001 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 1.49 (0.02) | 2.01 (0.08) | <0.0001 |
| Percent calories from saturated fat, % |
10.1 (0.05) | 10.6 (0.2) | 0.02 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 51.3 (49.9 - 52.8) | 39.8 (35.4 - 44.9) | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNO > 100 pg/mL, % | 29.1 | 17.3 | <0.0001 |
| Heavy drinkers, % | 9.2 | 11.3 | 0.3 |
| Total intentional exercise, MET/min/week |
1228 (1186 - 1272) | 1031 (884 - 1202) | 0.03 |
| GGT, U/L | 39.2 (0.5) | 54.4 (1.9) | <0.0001 |
| Liver/spleen | 1.23 (0.004) | 0.66 (0.018) | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic syndrome, % | 29.2 | 64.0 | <0.0001 |
| Subclinical CVD, % | 26.8 | 28.8 | 0.6 |
Categorical variables are expressed as % and continuous variables are expressed as means (SE), except for NT-proBNP, which is the geometric mean (95% CI). Continuous variables were adjusted for age, race and gender, except when age was the dependent variable. HU = Hounsfield units. Education refers to the percent of individuals who completed at least high school. HTN = individuals with hypertension. Low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) = eGFR , 60 mL/kg/min based on the CKD-EPI equation. BMI = body mass index kg/m2. HDL-C = high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. GGT = gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Heavy drinkers were defined as males consuming > 14 drinks/week and women consuming > 7 drinks/week. Total intentional exercise = geometric mean (95% CI). Subclinical cardiovascular disease is defined as those individuals who had at least two of the following conditions: left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid plaque and coronary artery calcium > 0 Agatston units.