Table 4.
Effect of Caloric Restriction on Nutrient Intake, Physical Activity, and Strength*
| AL N=75 | CR N=143 | P value† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient intake‡ | |||
| Energy (kcal/d) | |||
| Baseline | 2045.3 ± 55.50 | 2126.3 ± 46.7 | 0.46 |
| Change at 12 months | −83.0 ± 38.6 | −279.5 ± 29,3 | <0.001 |
| Change at 24 months | −121.1 ± 42.7 | −216.3 ± 33.1 | 0.07 |
| Protein (g/d) | |||
| Baseline | 86.6 ± 2.8 | 86.5 ± 1.9 | 0.97 |
| Change at 12 months | 0.13 ± 2.1 | −2.4 ± 1.6 | 0.6 |
| Change at 24 months | −4.9 ± 2.4 | −2.6 ± 1.9 | 0.85 |
| Fat (g/d) | |||
| Baseline | 80.8 ± 2.6 | 81.3 ± 2.1 | 0.63 |
| Change at 12 months | −3.2 ± 2.1 | −20.2 ± 1.7 | <.001 |
| Change at 24 months | −4.4 ± 2.3 | −15.3 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | |||
| Baseline | 234.9 ± 7.1 | 254.3 ± 6.3 | 0.09 |
| Change at 12 months | −12.0 ± 5.8 | −9.8 ± 4.5 | 1.00 |
| Change at 24 months | −15.1 ± 6.1 | −9.5 ± 4.7 | 0.90 |
| Calcium (mg/d) | |||
| Baseline | 917.6 ± 40.7 | 911.2 ± 25.0 | 0.82 |
| Change at 12 months | −24.8 ± 30.1 | 48.3 ± 22.8 | 0.09 |
| Change at 24 months | −28.6 ± 32.1 | −4.6 ± 24.6 | 1.00 |
| Vitamin D (μg/d) | |||
| Baseline | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 0.73 |
| Change at 12 months | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.79 |
| Change at 24 months | 0.3 ± 0.4 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.81 |
| Vitamin A, (IU/d) | |||
| Baseline | 6951.9 ± 478.5 | 7718.4 ± 384.7 | 0.23 |
| Change at 12 months | 901.9 ± 822.9 | 3415.9 ± 618.5 | 0.01 |
| Change at 24 months | 1446.1 ± 827.5 | 3174.4 ± 631.1 | 0.09 |
| Vitamin K (μg/d) | |||
| Baseline | 127.6 ± 12.8 | 130.8 ± 6.2 | 0.31 |
| Change at 12 months | 22.6 ± 12.2 | 32.8 ± 9.2 | 0.49 |
| Change at 24 months | −0.7 ± 15.8 | 55.2 ± 12.0 | 0.01 |
| Magnesium (mg) | |||
| Baseline | 299.3 ± 11.8 | 311.5 ± 7.6 | 0.27 |
| Change at 12 months | 1.3 ± 9.3 | 39.2 ± 7.1 | 0.001 |
| Change at 24 months | −4.4 ± 10.2 | 43.6 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | |||
| Baseline | 1344.1 ± 43.9 | 1349.6 ± 28.1 | 0.99 |
| Change at 12 months | −27.5 ± 32.3 | −29.7 ± 24.5 | 0.28 |
| Change at 24 months | −67.0 ± 35.2 | 7.4 ± 27.0 | 0.16 |
| Physical activity and strength | |||
| Total physical activity (kcal/d)§ | |||
| Baseline | 1532.1 ± 31.4 | 1572.1 ± 23.2 | 0.38 |
| Change at 12 months | −7.9 ± 20.4 | −102.4 ± 15.5 | <0.001 |
| Change at 24 months | −16.5 ± 23.1 | −83.8 ± 17.9 | 0.02 |
| Grip strength (kg) | |||
| Baseline | 33.8 ± 1.2 | 33.8 ± 0.9 | 0.92 |
| Change at 12 months | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.54 |
| Change at 24 months | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 1.00 |
*
Baseline values are the observed mean (SE); change scores are the least-squares adjusted means (SE) from the repeated measures analysis.
†
P values, from the Wilcoxon test for comparison of the baseline value, and the repeated measures of analyses of covariance for comparisons of change values at time points. All P values reflect Bonferroni corrections, truncated at 1.0, as appropriate (see text).
‡
Does not include multivitamin and calcium supplements as provided in the study.
§
Self-reported using the Standard 7-day Physical Activity Recall(24)