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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016 Jan 25;42(2):222–230. doi: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1119157

Table 2.

Selected SIENA Parameter Estimatesa: The Effects of Peer Beliefs on Cigarette Use

Model 1 Model 2

b SE SDb b SE SDb

Network parameters: Changes in Friendships
Structural parameters
Outdegree (density) −3.199 *** 0.072 0.313 cd −3.185 *** 0.073 0.311 d
Reciprocity 1.967 *** 0.053 0.235 cd 1.967 *** 0.053 0.232 d
Transitive triplets 0.342 *** 0.017 0.074 cd 0.345 *** 0.016 0.072 cd
3–cycles −0.421 *** 0.020 0.081 d −0.423 *** 0.020 0.080d
Balance 0.100 0.100
Indegree – popularity (square root) 0.186 *** 0.012 0.046 cd 0.184 *** 0.012 0.047 cd
Merger ego −0.763 *** 0.117 0.310 cd −0.766 *** 0.115 0.306 cd
Transition ego −0.206 *** 0.043 0.164 d −0.210 *** 0.046 0.182 cd
Selection parameters
Alter effects: Who is more often named as a friend?
Cigarette use 0.100 *** 0.024 0.062 d 0.097 ** 0.024 0.053
Moral approval of smoking 0.015 0.008 0.020 d 0.017 * 0.007 0.015
Expectations for smoking 0.015 ** 0.004 0.001 0.015 ** 0.004 0.001
Sex 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.007 0.001
Race −0.063 *** 0.010 0.034 c −0.060 *** 0.010 0.029 c
Ego effects: Who names more friends?
Cigarette use −0.001 0.039 0.127 d −0.001 0.043 0.134 d
Moral approval of smoking −0.016 0.012 0.043 c −0.011 0.013 0.046 c
Expectations for smoking −0.010 0.008 0.024 −0.012 0.009 0.020
Sex −0.166 *** 0.014 0.068 c −0.169 *** 0.015 0.068 c
Race −0.038 * 0.016 0.044 −0.034 0.017 0.038
Similarity effects: Choosing friends similar to oneself
Cigarette use 0.421 *** 0.047 0.072 0.445 *** 0.051 0.076
Moral approval of smoking 0.119 *** 0.027 0.078 d 0.114 *** 0.026 0.057
Expectations for smoking 0.062 *** 0.014 0.025 c 0.053 ** 0.014 0.028 c
Sex 0.713 *** 0.027 0.121 cd 0.705 *** 0.025 0.109 cd
Race 0.180 *** 0.022 0.082 d 0.183 *** 0.022 0.080 d
Behavior parameters: Changes in Cigarette Use
Friends’ attributes
Cigarette use mean similarity 2.144 *** 0.205 0.033 2.184 *** 0.173 0.032
Mean moral approval of smoking −0.045 0.076 0.013 −0.044 0.088 0.014
Mean expectations for smoking 0.236 ** 0.074 0.011 0.201 * 0.073 0.012
Control variables (individual level)
Moral approval of smoking 0.155 *** 0.014 0.002
Expectations for smoking 0.106 *** 0.012 0.002
Sex −0.233 *** 0.031 0.005 −0.224 *** 0.029 0.005
Race 0.008 0.021 0.004 0.014 0.019 0.004
Both Biological Parents −0.247 *** 0.036 0.046 −0.246 *** 0.033 0.006
School Adjustment & Bonding −0.221 *** 0.017 0.003 −0.155 *** 0.021 0.003
Family Relations −0.166 *** 0.031 0.005 −0.097 ** 0.026 0.005
Risk & Sensation Seeking 0.145 *** 0.016 0.003 0.119 *** 0.015 0.002
***

p < .001.

**

p < .01.

*

p < .05.

p < .10.

All values are means across 29 networks, with a total N of 30,888 person/waves

a

Models also include rate and shape parameters

b

Standard deviation of parameter estimates are the square root of the sum of the level- 2 and level-3 HLM variance

c

Significant variance between cohorts within districts, p < .05.

d

Significant variance across districts, p < .05.