Table 2.
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
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b | SE | SDb | b | SE | SDb | |
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Network parameters: Changes in Friendships | ||||||
Structural parameters | ||||||
Outdegree (density) | −3.199 *** | 0.072 | 0.313 cd | −3.185 *** | 0.073 | 0.311 d |
Reciprocity | 1.967 *** | 0.053 | 0.235 cd | 1.967 *** | 0.053 | 0.232 d |
Transitive triplets | 0.342 *** | 0.017 | 0.074 cd | 0.345 *** | 0.016 | 0.072 cd |
3–cycles | −0.421 *** | 0.020 | 0.081 d | −0.423 *** | 0.020 | 0.080d |
Balance | 0.100 | — | — | 0.100 | — | — |
Indegree – popularity (square root) | 0.186 *** | 0.012 | 0.046 cd | 0.184 *** | 0.012 | 0.047 cd |
Merger ego | −0.763 *** | 0.117 | 0.310 cd | −0.766 *** | 0.115 | 0.306 cd |
Transition ego | −0.206 *** | 0.043 | 0.164 d | −0.210 *** | 0.046 | 0.182 cd |
Selection parameters | ||||||
Alter effects: Who is more often named as a friend? | ||||||
Cigarette use | 0.100 *** | 0.024 | 0.062 d | 0.097 ** | 0.024 | 0.053 |
Moral approval of smoking | 0.015 † | 0.008 | 0.020 d | 0.017 * | 0.007 | 0.015 |
Expectations for smoking | 0.015 ** | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.015 ** | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Sex | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Race | −0.063 *** | 0.010 | 0.034 c | −0.060 *** | 0.010 | 0.029 c |
Ego effects: Who names more friends? | ||||||
Cigarette use | −0.001 | 0.039 | 0.127 d | −0.001 | 0.043 | 0.134 d |
Moral approval of smoking | −0.016 | 0.012 | 0.043 c | −0.011 | 0.013 | 0.046 c |
Expectations for smoking | −0.010 | 0.008 | 0.024 | −0.012 | 0.009 | 0.020 |
Sex | −0.166 *** | 0.014 | 0.068 c | −0.169 *** | 0.015 | 0.068 c |
Race | −0.038 * | 0.016 | 0.044 | −0.034 † | 0.017 | 0.038 |
Similarity effects: Choosing friends similar to oneself | ||||||
Cigarette use | 0.421 *** | 0.047 | 0.072 | 0.445 *** | 0.051 | 0.076 |
Moral approval of smoking | 0.119 *** | 0.027 | 0.078 d | 0.114 *** | 0.026 | 0.057 |
Expectations for smoking | 0.062 *** | 0.014 | 0.025 c | 0.053 ** | 0.014 | 0.028 c |
Sex | 0.713 *** | 0.027 | 0.121 cd | 0.705 *** | 0.025 | 0.109 cd |
Race | 0.180 *** | 0.022 | 0.082 d | 0.183 *** | 0.022 | 0.080 d |
Behavior parameters: Changes in Cigarette Use | ||||||
Friends’ attributes | ||||||
Cigarette use mean similarity | 2.144 *** | 0.205 | 0.033 | 2.184 *** | 0.173 | 0.032 |
Mean moral approval of smoking | −0.045 | 0.076 | 0.013 | −0.044 | 0.088 | 0.014 |
Mean expectations for smoking | 0.236 ** | 0.074 | 0.011 | 0.201 * | 0.073 | 0.012 |
Control variables (individual level) | ||||||
Moral approval of smoking | — | — | 0.155 *** | 0.014 | 0.002 | |
Expectations for smoking | — | — | 0.106 *** | 0.012 | 0.002 | |
Sex | −0.233 *** | 0.031 | 0.005 | −0.224 *** | 0.029 | 0.005 |
Race | 0.008 | 0.021 | 0.004 | 0.014 | 0.019 | 0.004 |
Both Biological Parents | −0.247 *** | 0.036 | 0.046 | −0.246 *** | 0.033 | 0.006 |
School Adjustment & Bonding | −0.221 *** | 0.017 | 0.003 | −0.155 *** | 0.021 | 0.003 |
Family Relations | −0.166 *** | 0.031 | 0.005 | −0.097 ** | 0.026 | 0.005 |
Risk & Sensation Seeking | 0.145 *** | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.119 *** | 0.015 | 0.002 |
p < .001.
p < .01.
p < .05.
p < .10.
All values are means across 29 networks, with a total N of 30,888 person/waves
Models also include rate and shape parameters
Standard deviation of parameter estimates are the square root of the sum of the level- 2 and level-3 HLM variance
Significant variance between cohorts within districts, p < .05.
Significant variance across districts, p < .05.