Table 2.

Relative Risk (RR) of Falls Among Participants with Opioid Use vs. Non-Use

	RR (95 % CI)	p value
Unadjusted model in unrestricted cohort	1.37 (1.23–1.54)	<0.001
Adjusted model in unrestricted cohort	1.14 (1.02–1.28)	0.018
Adjusted model in PS-restricted cohort	1.10 (0.99–1.24)	0.083

Note: The unrestricted cohort includes participants with all PS (n = 2902). The PS-restricted cohort is restricted at each visit to participants with a propensity score (PS) ≥0.03 at that visit (n = 2423). Adjusted models include time-varying PS quintile, baseline smoking status, and time-varying back pain