Table 4.

Association of Opioid Use with Change in Physical Performance Score (PPS)

	Mean annualized change in PPS (95 % CI)		Difference between groups (95 % CI)	p value†
	Opioid use	No opioid use
Unadjusted model in unrestricted cohort	−0.350 (−0.483, −0.217)	−0.398 (−0.422, −0.375)	0.048 (−0.062, 0.158)	0.389
Adjusted model in unrestricted cohort	−0.355 (−0.481, −0.229)	−0.388 (−0.411, −0.365)	0.033 (−0.070, 0.135)	0.535
Adjusted model in PS-restricted cohort	−0.272 (−0.423, −0.122)	−0.250 (−0.285, −0.215)	−0.022 (−0.138, 0.093)	0.706

Note: The unrestricted cohort includes participants with all PS and non-missing performance scores (n = 2856). The PS-restricted cohort is restricted at each visit to participants with a propensity score (PS) ≥0.03 at that visit (n = 2417). Adjusted models include time-varying PS quintile, baseline smoking status, and time-varying back pain. †p value for treatment by time interaction