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. 2016 Apr 19;7:129. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00129

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Copyright © 2016 Chondronikola, Volpi, Børsheim, Chao, Porter, Annamalai, Yfanti, Labbe, Hurren, Malagaris, Cesani and Sidossis.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation, skin perfusion, and cardiovascular response to cold exposure (CE). (A) Average skin temperature in subjects with detectable BAT (BAT+) and without detectable BAT (BAT−) in thermoneutral (TN) conditions and at 5 h of CE. (B) Distal (hand, foot) skin temperature in BAT+ and BAT− subjects in TN conditions and after 5 h of CE. (C) Vasoconstriction/skin perfusion in BAT+ and BAT− subjects in TN conditions and at 5 h of CE. (D) Heart rate in BAT+ and BAT− subjects in TN conditions and at 5 h of CE. (E,F) Systolic (E) and diastolic (F) blood pressure in BAT+ and BAT− subjects in TN conditions and at 5 h of CE. Data are means and standard deviations. The data are means and SD. ^*p < 0.05, ^***p = 0.001, ^****p < 0.001 using paired t-test.