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. 2016 Apr 18;16:21. doi: 10.1186/s12893-016-0133-6

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© Kim et al. 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Macroscopic finding of the comparison between T2 and T3 tumor. a standard ISR has enough distal and lateral surgical margins in case of T2 tumor. b it is often difficult to ensure a safe resection margin in case of T3 tumor. The resected specimen of extended ISR in T3 tumor shows enough surgical margin included upper part of ES. IS internal sphincter. ES external sphincter