Table 4.

Studies quantifying changes in ventricular mass and function during bed rest without countermeasures

	Bed Rest Days	Subjects	LVM	LVEDV	SV	Bed Rest Posture	Test Posture
Perhonen et al., 2001 (49)	14	5 men	MRI	MRI	RB	Horizontal	Horizontal
Levine et al., 1997 (33)	14	11 men, 1 woman	2D	2D	RB	−6° HDT	Horizontal
Shibata et al., 2010 (53)	14	6 men, 1 woman	MRI	2D	RB	−6° HDT	Horizontal
Dorfman et al., 2008 (15)	18	14	MRI	MRI	NA	−6° HDT	Horizontal
Stenger et al., 2014 (54)	21	7 men	2D	2D	PWV	−6° HDT	Horizontal/HDT
Hastings et al., 2012 (24) and Carrick-Ranson et al., 2013 (10)	35	8 men, 1 woman	MRI	3D	RB	−6° HDT	Horizontal
Kozakova et al., 2011 (29)	35	men	2D	2D	PWV	−6° HDT	Not described
Perhonen et al., 2001 (49)	42	5 men	MRI	MRI	RB	Horizontal	Horizontal
Dorfman et al., 2007 (14)	60	8 women	MRI	MRI	NA	−6° HDT	Horizontal
Perhonen et al., 2001 (49)	84	3 men	MRI	MRI	RB	Horizontal	Horizontal

2D, two-dimensional echocardiography; 3D, three-dimensional echocardiography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PWV, pulse-wave Doppler; RB, rebreathing technique; NA, not applicable.