Table 2.
Phosphorylation targets of AKT, AMPK, GSK3B, MTORC1, PKA and Atg1/ULK1.
| Protein and phosphorylation site | Main kinase | Function | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| AMBRA1 S52 | TORC1 | Inhibits AMBRA1-dependent activation of ULK1 | 501 |
| Atg1 | TORC1 | Inhibits Atg1 kinase activity | 504 |
| Atg1 | PKA | Regulation of kinase activity | 1522 |
| Atg9 | Atg1 | Recruitment of Atg protein to the PAS | 493 |
| Atg13 | TORC1 | Interaction with Atg1, assembly of Atg1 kinase complex | 504,1523 |
| Atg13 | PKA | Regulates localization to the PAS | 1524 |
| BECN1 S14 | ULK1 | Increases the activity of the PtdIns3K | 494 |
| BECN1 S90 | MAPKAPK2-MAPKAPK3 | Stimulates macroautophagy | 1525 |
| BECN1 S91, S94 (S93, S96 in human) | AMPK | Required for glucose starvation-induced macroautophagy | 1526 |
| BECN1 Y229, Y233 | EGFR | Inhibits macroautophagy | 523 |
| BECN1 S234, S295 | AKT | Suppresses macroautophagy | 522 |
| LC3 S12 | PKA | Inhibits macroautophagy by reducing recruitment to phagophores | 343 |
| MTOR S2448 | AKT | Correlates with the activity of MTORC1 | 1527 |
| MTOR S2481 | Autophosphorylation | Necessary for MTORC1 formation and kinase activity | 1528 |
| NBR1 T586 | GSK3A/B | Modulates protein aggregation | 1529 |
| RPS6KB T389 | MTORC1 (apparently indirect, through reduction of dephosphorylation) | Necessary for protein activity | 1530 |
| RPS6KB S371 | GSK3B | Necessary for T389 phosphorylation and the activity of RPS6KB | 1531 |
| RPTOR S792 | AMPK | Suppresses MTORC1 | 475 |
| SQSTM1 S403 | ULK1 (also TBK1, CSNK, CDK1) | Promotes autophagic degradation of SQSTM1 and its substrates | 1532 |
| ULK1 S555 | AMPK (direct) | Necessary for ATG13-ULK1 interaction and for autophagy mediated by ULK complex | 477 |
| ULK1 S317, S467, S555, S574, S777 | AMPK (direct) | Necessary for the kinase activity of ULK1 | 477,478 |
| ULK1 S757 | MTORC1 | Prevents ULK1 interaction with AMPK | 478 |
| ULK1 S758 | MTORC1 | Facilitates ULK1 interaction with AMPK | 478,512 |
| ULK1 S637 | MTORC1, AMPK | Facilitates ULK1 interaction with AMPK | 477,512 |
| ULK1 (uncertain site between 278 and 351) | Autophosphorylation | Modulates the conformation of the C-terminal tail and prevents its interaction with ATG13 | 492,1533 |