TABLE 1.
Emerging discoveries of mammalian protein deamidations
| Functional consequence | Deamidated cellular target(s) | Deamidase/other mechanism(s) | Deamidase-encoding species | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G protein signaling pathways | ||||
| Activation of G protein signaling | Rho GTPases | Cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNFs) | Escherichia coli (EPEC) | 60 |
| • RhoA | ||||
| • Rac | ||||
| • Cdc42 | Yersinia pseudotuberculosis | 53 | ||
| Heterotrimeric G proteins (Gαi, Gαq/11, and Gα12/13) | Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) | Pasteurella multocida | 61 | |
| Rho GTPases | VopC | Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 62 | |
| • Rac | ||||
| • Cdc42 | ||||
| Translation/cell cycle progression/apoptosis | ||||
| Inhibition of translation | Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) | Burkholderia lethal factor 1 (BLF1) | Burkholderia pseudomallei | 63 |
| Critical switch (checkpoint) of apoptosis induced by DNA damage | B-cell lymphoma—extra large (Bcl-XL) | pH change | NAa | 64 |
| Inhibition of cell cycle progression | Ubiquitin | Cycle-inhibiting factors (Cifs) | Escherichia coli | 58 |
| Yersinia pseudotuberculosis | ||||
| NEDD8 | Burkholderia pseudomallei | |||
| Photorhabdus asymbiotica | ||||
| Photorhabdus luminescens | ||||
| Innate immunity and inflammatory responses | ||||
| Inactivation of ubiquitin system and its related pathways, e.g., NF-κB signaling pathway | Ubiquitin | Cycle-inhibiting factors (Cifs) | Escherichia coli | 58 |
| Yersinia pseudotuberculosis | ||||
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | ||||
| Photorhabdus asymbiotica | ||||
| Photorhabdus luminescens | ||||
| Inhibition of UBC13/TRAF6-dependent inflammatory responses | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 13 (UBC13) | OspI | Shigella flexneri | 59 |
| Activation of RIG-I signaling to evade inflammatory signaling | Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) | vGAT (ORF75/ORF75c) + phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase (PFAS) | Murine herpesvirus 68 (ORF75c) | 35 |
| Human herpesvirus 8 (ORF75) | ||||
| Homo sapiens (PFAS) | ||||
| Recognition by gut-derived T cells to promote intestinal inflammation | Gliadin (wheat), etc. | Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) | Homo sapiens | 65 |
| Others | ||||
| N-end rule pathway of protein degradation | Model substrate of N-end rule pathway | N-terminal glutamine amidase (NTQA) | Mus musculus | 66 |
| Alteration of the kinetics of excitatory synaptic transmission | Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2 (4E-BP2) | pH change | NA | 67 |
a
NA, not applicable.