Table 2.
Correlation coefficients between sign language measures and spoken language measures with visual-spatial ability measures in Experiment 1
| Spatial relations | Embedded figures | Pair cancellation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Deaf with cochlear implants | |||
| Age of sign acquisition | .16 | .03 | −.10 |
| Expressive sign language | −.49** | −.06 | −.09 |
| Receptive sign language | −.01 | −.07 | .03 |
| Speech production–phonemes | .22 | .15 | .15 |
| Speech recognition–audiovisual | .32* | −.07 | .06 |
| Speech recognition–audio only | .34* | .02 | .24 |
| Audiovisual enhancement | −.16 | −.18 | −.44** |
| Age of implantation | −.41** | −.25 | −.21 |
| Deaf without cochlear implants | |||
| Age of sign acquisition | −.19 | −.02 | −.19 |
| Expressive sign language | .06 | −.06 | .11 |
| Receptive sign language | .35* | .10 | .15 |
| Speech production–phonemes | −.15 | .08 | −.13 |
| Speech recognition–audiovisual | −.23 | −.01 | −.08 |
| Speech recognition–audio only | −.18 | .11 | −.01 |
| Audiovisual enhancement | −.14 | −.24 | −.13 |
| Hearing | |||
| Expressive sign language | −.11 | .14 | −.10 |
| Receptive sign language | −.02 | −.10 | −.40 |
| Speech-to-noise ratio | .06 | .24 | .14 |
| Speech recognition–audiovisual | .21 | .35** | .22 |
| Speech recognition–audio only | .13 | .26 | .05 |
| Audiovisual enhancement | .04 | .01 | .14 |
| Hearing interpreting students | |||
| Expressive sign language | .27 | .17 | .08 |
| Receptive sign language | .44 | .06 | .05 |
| Speech-to-noise ratio | .31 | −.13 | .29 |
| Speech recognition–audiovisual | .03 | −.14 | .19 |
| Speech recognition–audio only | .13 | .18 | .24 |
| Audiovisual enhancement | −.12 | −.30 | −.12 |
Note. *p < .05, **p < .01.