Figure 1.

Effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) agonism on cytokine production. A, Bacterial burden in the lungs of B. pertussis–infected mice that were either untreated (black bars) or treated with 1 (1 hour postinoculation) (dark gray), 2 (1 and 6 hours postinoculation) (white), or 3 (1, 6, and 24 hours postinoculation) (light gray) doses of AAL-R was determined. B–E, Real-time PCR was used to determine the transcriptional IL-1β (B), TNF-α (C), IL-6 (D), and IFN-γ (E) responses from lung homogenates at day 4 postinoculation. Protein levels of IL-6 (F) and IL-1β (G) in these lung homogenates were also assayed. Results are presented as mean ± SD. *P ≤ .05; **P ≤ .01. Abbreviations: CFU, colony-forming units; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.